{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295101840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437","title":"Mapping Crop Types Using Sentinel-2 Data Machine Learning and Monitoring Crop Phenology with Sentinel-1 Backscatter Time Series in Pays de Brest, Brittany, France","display_name":"Mapping Crop Types Using Sentinel-2 Data Machine Learning and Monitoring Crop Phenology with Sentinel-1 Backscatter Time Series in Pays de Brest, Brittany, France","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295101840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4437/pdf?version=1662530162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4437/pdf?version=1662530162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026040705","display_name":"Guanyao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-522X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157108","display_name":"Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer","ror":"https://ror.org/04pfr1b11","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210157108","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220","https://openalex.org/I4405260085"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153176","display_name":"Littoral, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, G\u00e9omatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05sat2s07","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I3124938446","https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I4405260085","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guanyao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory LETG-Brest, G\u00e9omer, UMR 6554 CNRS, IUEM UBO, 29200 Brest, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory LETG-Brest, G\u00e9omer, UMR 6554 CNRS, IUEM UBO, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157108","https://openalex.org/I4387153176"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049209034","display_name":"Simona Niculescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161929037","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8h3982","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161929037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157108","display_name":"Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer","ror":"https://ror.org/04pfr1b11","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210148025","https://openalex.org/I4210157108","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220","https://openalex.org/I4405260085"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153176","display_name":"Littoral, Environnement, T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, G\u00e9omatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05sat2s07","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I3124938446","https://openalex.org/I4387153176","https://openalex.org/I4405260085","https://openalex.org/I97188460"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Niculescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Western Brittany, 3 Rue des Archives, 29238 Brest, France","Laboratory LETG-Brest, G\u00e9omer, UMR 6554 CNRS, IUEM UBO, 29200 Brest, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Western Brittany, 3 Rue des Archives, 29238 Brest, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161929037"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory LETG-Brest, G\u00e9omer, UMR 6554 CNRS, IUEM UBO, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157108","https://openalex.org/I4387153176"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026040705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157108","https://openalex.org/I4387153176"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.6023,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96352279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"18","first_page":"4437","last_page":"4437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.6409943103790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5478571653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.5380133986473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5170919895172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.43404239416122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.258436381816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1896229386329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.14077508449554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.10188952088356018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.6409943103790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5478571653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.5380133986473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5170919895172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.43404239416122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.258436381816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1896229386329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.14077508449554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.10188952088356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4437/pdf?version=1662530162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03772692v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03772692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 2022, 14 (18), pp.4437. ⟨10.3390/rs14184437⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c29673d218034a24a9f266f6454c0441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c29673d218034a24a9f266f6454c0441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 18, p 4437 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/18/4437/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 18; Pages: 4437","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184437","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4437/pdf?version=1662530162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295101840.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295101840.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64762927","https://openalex.org/W76301927","https://openalex.org/W561088580","https://openalex.org/W1020256256","https://openalex.org/W1620204465","https://openalex.org/W1869247349","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1981561767","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1985154454","https://openalex.org/W1986072339","https://openalex.org/W1988128726","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1991129553","https://openalex.org/W1997305839","https://openalex.org/W2000102737","https://openalex.org/W2000179198","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2013629773","https://openalex.org/W2030165874","https://openalex.org/W2042386716","https://openalex.org/W2046963292","https://openalex.org/W2059523177","https://openalex.org/W2060726469","https://openalex.org/W2061240006","https://openalex.org/W2063273970","https://openalex.org/W2068094410","https://openalex.org/W2069890151","https://openalex.org/W2075836455","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2086823339","https://openalex.org/W2098242727","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2124411746","https://openalex.org/W2127348003","https://openalex.org/W2127792030","https://openalex.org/W2128579323","https://openalex.org/W2132424470","https://openalex.org/W2138091718","https://openalex.org/W2141815566","https://openalex.org/W2146235610","https://openalex.org/W2150766729","https://openalex.org/W2160566385","https://openalex.org/W2166658286","https://openalex.org/W2331071973","https://openalex.org/W2342039566","https://openalex.org/W2482338809","https://openalex.org/W2525592260","https://openalex.org/W2567873607","https://openalex.org/W2569461747","https://openalex.org/W2578830027","https://openalex.org/W2587031013","https://openalex.org/W2617056706","https://openalex.org/W2619577109","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2728388975","https://openalex.org/W2757797739","https://openalex.org/W2767953525","https://openalex.org/W2772752821","https://openalex.org/W2776389780","https://openalex.org/W2789253630","https://openalex.org/W2790899344","https://openalex.org/W2900225740","https://openalex.org/W2900680941","https://openalex.org/W2916486703","https://openalex.org/W2921701549","https://openalex.org/W2946413603","https://openalex.org/W2975857752","https://openalex.org/W2995342911","https://openalex.org/W2997840851","https://openalex.org/W2998127363","https://openalex.org/W2999585470","https://openalex.org/W3017113337","https://openalex.org/W3021783556","https://openalex.org/W3022008304","https://openalex.org/W3023727915","https://openalex.org/W3037944168","https://openalex.org/W3088575968","https://openalex.org/W3110968815","https://openalex.org/W3119957589","https://openalex.org/W3137820239","https://openalex.org/W3198531147","https://openalex.org/W3205663347","https://openalex.org/W3216498661","https://openalex.org/W4214564766","https://openalex.org/W4250190804","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6661103286","https://openalex.org/W6678979910","https://openalex.org/W6733018535","https://openalex.org/W6771866686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373524250","https://openalex.org/W4206027277","https://openalex.org/W2388003193","https://openalex.org/W2367450255","https://openalex.org/W2243549226","https://openalex.org/W2184048517","https://openalex.org/W3128824461","https://openalex.org/W2156132268","https://openalex.org/W96071508","https://openalex.org/W2388278526"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crop":[0],"supply":[1],"and":[2,16,21,48,67,72,78,84,127,190,210,232,241,244,252,269,275,277,282],"management":[3],"is":[4,110,178],"a":[5,38,88,173,191,204],"global":[6,13],"issue,":[7],"particularly":[8],"in":[9,51,138,197,207,221,249,267,280],"the":[10,52,68,94,97,105,113,133,156,165,169,181,198,222,230,261],"context":[11],"of":[12,23,55,96,136,164,188,194,227,264],"climate":[14],"change":[15],"rising":[17],"urbanization.":[18],"Accurate":[19],"mapping":[20],"monitoring":[22,93,144],"specific":[24],"crop":[25,30,142,218],"types":[26],"are":[27],"crucial":[28],"for":[29,216],"studies.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"study,":[34],"we":[35,256],"proposed:":[36],"(1)":[37],"methodology":[39],"to":[40,111,118,132,180,259],"map":[41],"two":[42],"main":[43],"winter":[44,49,98,217,228,265],"crops":[45,99],"(winter":[46],"wheat":[47],"barley)":[50],"northern":[53],"region":[54],"Finist\u00e8re":[56],"with":[57,184,272],"high-resolution":[58],"Sentinel-2":[59],"data.":[60],"Different":[61],"classification":[62,66,73,76,80,166,171,200],"approaches":[63],"(the":[64],"hierarchical":[65,170,199],"classical":[69],"direct":[70,182],"extraction),":[71],"methods":[74],"(pixel-based":[75],"(PBC)":[77],"object-based":[79],"(OBC))":[81],"were":[82,257],"performed":[83,146],"evaluated.":[85],"Subsequently,":[86],"(2)":[87],"further":[89],"study":[90,140],"that":[91,168],"involved":[92],"phenology":[95,143],"was":[100,145,212],"carried":[101],"out,":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104],"previous":[106],"results.":[107],"The":[108,162],"aim":[109],"understand":[112],"temporal":[114],"behavior":[115],"from":[116],"sowing":[117],"harvesting,":[119],"identifying":[120],"three":[121],"important":[122],"phenological":[123],"statuses":[124],"(germination,":[125],"heading,":[126],"ripening,":[128],"including":[129],"harvesting).":[130],"Due":[131],"high":[134],"frequency":[135],"precipitation":[137],"our":[139],"area,":[141],"using":[147,155],"Sentinel-1":[148],"C-band":[149],"SAR":[150],"backscatter":[151,225],"time":[152,223],"series":[153,224],"data":[154],"Google":[157],"Earth":[158],"Engine":[159],"(GEE)":[160],"platform.":[161],"results":[163],"showed":[167],"achieved":[172],"better":[174,205],"accuracy":[175,187,206],"when":[176],"it":[177],"compared":[179],"extraction,":[183],"an":[185],"overall":[186],"0.932":[189],"kappa":[192],"coefficient":[193,226],"0.888.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"process,":[201],"OBC":[202],"reached":[203],"cropland":[208],"mapping,":[209],"PBC":[211],"proven":[213],"more":[214],"suitable":[215],"extraction.":[219],"Additionally,":[220],"wheat,":[229],"germination":[231,262],"ripening":[233,271],"(harvesting)":[234],"phases":[235],"can":[236,246],"be":[237,247],"identified":[238,248],"at":[239],"VV":[240,251,268,281],"VH/VV":[242],"polarizations,":[243],"heading":[245,279],"both":[250,273],"VH":[253,283],"polarizations.":[254,284],"Secondly,":[255],"able":[258],"detect":[260],"phase":[263],"barley":[266],"VH,":[270],"polarizations":[274],"VH/VV,":[276],"finally,":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2022-09-10T00:00:00"}