{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294142862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298","title":"UAV-Based Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Urban Land Cover Mapping Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"UAV-Based Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Urban Land Cover Mapping Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294142862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4298/pdf?version=1662091969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4298/pdf?version=1662091969","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071292352","display_name":"Ahmed Elamin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-5185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192398990","display_name":"Zagazig University","ror":"https://ror.org/053g6we49","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192398990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086020074","display_name":"Ahmed El\u2010Rabbany","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed El-Rabbany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071292352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192398990","https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.6331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9550455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"4298","last_page":"4298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7602908611297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.716997504234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7066830992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6779780983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.654402494430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46458959579467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4539766311645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.44566547870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.43713679909706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-data","display_name":"Reference data","score":0.4249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33817893266677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.33669477701187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.318718284368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08278083801269531}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7602908611297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.716997504234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7066830992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6779780983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.654402494430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46458959579467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4539766311645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44566547870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.43713679909706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.4249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33817893266677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.33669477701187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.318718284368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08278083801269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4298/pdf?version=1662091969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ac02f7306e1494996c4ee6e817d5564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ac02f7306e1494996c4ee6e817d5564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 4298 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/17/4298/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 17; Pages: 4298","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4298/pdf?version=1662091969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597412403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6221715925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8105784103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294142862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294142862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598808445","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1967621805","https://openalex.org/W1988032609","https://openalex.org/W2016428929","https://openalex.org/W2026952547","https://openalex.org/W2035118832","https://openalex.org/W2051875447","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2066157389","https://openalex.org/W2066250437","https://openalex.org/W2070510131","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2083620454","https://openalex.org/W2097054682","https://openalex.org/W2111078849","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2148842444","https://openalex.org/W2150986124","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2173830158","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206762869","https://openalex.org/W2296228853","https://openalex.org/W2322480645","https://openalex.org/W2335798593","https://openalex.org/W2527276685","https://openalex.org/W2556502614","https://openalex.org/W2562097207","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2760340275","https://openalex.org/W2801826172","https://openalex.org/W2803946774","https://openalex.org/W2899315938","https://openalex.org/W2914744561","https://openalex.org/W2922187471","https://openalex.org/W2950604226","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2982000048","https://openalex.org/W3007268491","https://openalex.org/W3024533279","https://openalex.org/W3080106029","https://openalex.org/W3094309005","https://openalex.org/W3130587814","https://openalex.org/W3147179755","https://openalex.org/W3173656747","https://openalex.org/W4220671987","https://openalex.org/W4280523635","https://openalex.org/W6657418925","https://openalex.org/W6677830229","https://openalex.org/W6703238135","https://openalex.org/W6760277813","https://openalex.org/W6782190934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W1773688426","https://openalex.org/W4385362411","https://openalex.org/W2519489155","https://openalex.org/W2780174786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,20,34,48,63,159,168,220,224,252],"up-to-date":[2],"land":[3,79,118,194,214],"cover":[4,80,119,195,215],"classification":[5,81,120,196,216],"information":[6,75],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"for":[9,117,178,197],"many":[10],"applications,":[11,97],"such":[12,45],"as":[13,46,152,175],"land-use":[14],"change":[15],"detection,":[16],"global":[17],"environmental":[18],"change,":[19],"forest":[21],"management,":[22],"among":[23],"others.":[24],"Unoccupied":[25],"aerial":[26],"systems":[27],"(UASs)":[28],"provide":[29],"the":[30,67,100,126,161,185,190,198,205,210,221,230,238,249,253,262],"advantage":[31],"of":[32,102,128,193,213,261],"flexible":[33],"rapid":[35],"data":[36,112,233],"acquisition":[37],"at":[38,135],"low":[39],"cost":[40],"compared":[41,203,236],"to":[42,94,157,204,237,259],"conventional":[43],"platforms,":[44],"satellite":[47],"airborne":[49],"systems.":[50],"UASs":[51],"are":[52],"often":[53],"equipped":[54],"with":[55,150],"high":[56,68,74],"spatial":[57,69],"resolution":[58,70],"cameras":[59],"and/or":[60],"light":[61],"detection":[62],"ranging":[64],"(LiDAR).":[65],"However,":[66],"imagery":[71],"has":[72],"a":[73,108,123,153,176],"content,":[76],"which":[77,98],"makes":[78],"quite":[82],"challenging.":[83],"Recently,":[84],"deep":[85],"convolutional":[86],"neural":[87],"networks":[88],"(DCNNs)":[89],"have":[90],"been":[91],"effectively":[92],"applied":[93],"remote":[95],"sensing":[96],"overcome":[99],"drawback":[101],"traditional":[103],"techniques.":[104],"In":[105,208],"this":[106,129],"research,":[107,130],"low-cost":[109],"UAV-based":[110],"multi-sensor":[111],"fusion":[113],"model":[114,244],"was":[115,155,182,245],"developed":[116],"based":[121,147],"on":[122,148,248],"DCNN.":[124],"For":[125],"purpose":[127],"two":[131,136,141],"datasets":[132],"were":[133,173,234,256],"collected":[134],"different":[137,142],"urban":[138],"locations":[139],"using":[140],"UASs.":[143],"A":[144],"DCNN":[145,187,243],"model,":[146],"U-net":[149],"Resnet101":[151],"backbone,":[154],"used":[156,174,235],"train":[158],"test":[160],"fused":[162,231],"image/LiDAR":[163,232],"data.":[164],"The":[165,241],"maximum":[166],"likelihood":[167],"support":[169],"vector":[170],"machine":[171],"techniques":[172],"reference":[177,206],"classifier":[179],"comparison.":[180],"It":[181],"shown":[183],"that":[184],"proposed":[186],"approach":[188],"improved":[189,217,226],"overall":[191,211],"accuracy":[192,212],"first":[199,263],"dataset":[200],"by":[201,218,227],"15%":[202],"classifiers.":[207],"addition,":[209],"7%,":[219],"precision,":[222],"recall,":[223],"F-measure":[225],"18%":[228],"when":[229],"images":[239],"only.":[240],"trained":[242],"also":[246],"tested":[247],"second":[250],"dataset,":[251],"obtained":[254],"results":[255],"largely":[257],"similar":[258],"those":[260],"dataset.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}