{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294142939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296","title":"Contributions of Climate Change, Vegetation Growth, and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration to Variation in Water Use Efficiency in Subtropical China","display_name":"Contributions of Climate Change, Vegetation Growth, and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration to Variation in Water Use Efficiency in Subtropical China","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294142939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4296/pdf?version=1662023699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4296/pdf?version=1662023699","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100526443","display_name":"Jianyong Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029877815","display_name":"Binggeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-8556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Binggeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032920401","display_name":"Kaichun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-9929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaichun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014983975","display_name":"Junhan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019194123","display_name":"Jing Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3787-9648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748496","display_name":"Chao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-8655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029877815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.607,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89951652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"4296","last_page":"4296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-use-efficiency","display_name":"Water-use efficiency","score":0.8408393859863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transpiration","display_name":"Transpiration","score":0.6300351619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6000876426696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.5349152684211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vapour-pressure-deficit","display_name":"Vapour Pressure Deficit","score":0.5123163461685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cycle","display_name":"Water cycle","score":0.4516066014766693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.42832937836647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.3670540153980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthesis","display_name":"Photosynthesis","score":0.34868717193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.18748196959495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16252067685127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1216147243976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09331616759300232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551340","display_name":"Water-use efficiency","level":3,"score":0.8408393859863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157517311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167980","display_name":"Transpiration","level":3,"score":0.6300351619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6000876426696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.5349152684211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14331020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907795","display_name":"Vapour Pressure Deficit","level":4,"score":0.5123163461685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133830359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041","display_name":"Water cycle","level":2,"score":0.4516066014766693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.42832937836647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3670540153980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.34868717193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.18748196959495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16252067685127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1216147243976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09331616759300232}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4296/pdf?version=1662023699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7e60a5b469724e1d9c54957b68e40501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7e60a5b469724e1d9c54957b68e40501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 4296 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/17/4296/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 17; Pages: 4296","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4296/pdf?version=1662023699","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1151522064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19A2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1367819427","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19A2051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8144744298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19A205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294142939.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294142939.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564467605","https://openalex.org/W1853230889","https://openalex.org/W1971305734","https://openalex.org/W1972997514","https://openalex.org/W1982109619","https://openalex.org/W1982896806","https://openalex.org/W1994856614","https://openalex.org/W2013791909","https://openalex.org/W2024696675","https://openalex.org/W2069384557","https://openalex.org/W2079643106","https://openalex.org/W2098020412","https://openalex.org/W2121679532","https://openalex.org/W2157402903","https://openalex.org/W2170278271","https://openalex.org/W2202752868","https://openalex.org/W2237184599","https://openalex.org/W2279234921","https://openalex.org/W2336426693","https://openalex.org/W2345540281","https://openalex.org/W2513106544","https://openalex.org/W2626845409","https://openalex.org/W2735193384","https://openalex.org/W2744850330","https://openalex.org/W2795470418","https://openalex.org/W2852827100","https://openalex.org/W2884840291","https://openalex.org/W2886699728","https://openalex.org/W2921226321","https://openalex.org/W2943873507","https://openalex.org/W2946631707","https://openalex.org/W2970498196","https://openalex.org/W2990857758","https://openalex.org/W3000468517","https://openalex.org/W3002343708","https://openalex.org/W3011202251","https://openalex.org/W3017278801","https://openalex.org/W3041427973","https://openalex.org/W3092149480","https://openalex.org/W3097960097","https://openalex.org/W3112264702","https://openalex.org/W3134663030","https://openalex.org/W3139238116","https://openalex.org/W3153340177","https://openalex.org/W3159944894","https://openalex.org/W3163508054","https://openalex.org/W3164226983","https://openalex.org/W3165888645","https://openalex.org/W3176175328","https://openalex.org/W3184822125","https://openalex.org/W3190041550","https://openalex.org/W3193904221","https://openalex.org/W3194262109","https://openalex.org/W3199112784","https://openalex.org/W3202899288","https://openalex.org/W3212068714","https://openalex.org/W3213903942","https://openalex.org/W3214960941","https://openalex.org/W4205912502","https://openalex.org/W4206132553","https://openalex.org/W4220859950","https://openalex.org/W4284887861","https://openalex.org/W6725879787"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327421635","https://openalex.org/W2065782362","https://openalex.org/W4206627481","https://openalex.org/W2110754579","https://openalex.org/W2612301129","https://openalex.org/W2159527825","https://openalex.org/W2328665645","https://openalex.org/W1994809627","https://openalex.org/W2006982209","https://openalex.org/W2416531044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ecosystem":[0],"water":[1],"use":[2],"efficiency":[3],"(WUE)":[4],"plays":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7,246],"role":[8],"in":[9,16,21,23,46,48,80,121,273],"maintaining":[10],"the":[11,24,31,43,49,77,85,98,106,109,122,156,159,202,237,253],"carbon":[12],"assimilation\u2013water":[13],"transpiration":[14],"balance":[15],"ecosystems.":[17],"However,":[18],"spatiotemporal":[19,44],"changes":[20],"WUE":[22,47,94,104,116,126,208,220,238,254],"subtropical":[25,274],"region":[26],"of":[27,33,65,90,100,108,117,136,186,194,232,258],"China":[28],"(STC)":[29],"and":[30,51,62,70,87,105,145,172,188,199,217,225,242,266],"impact":[32],"driving":[34,204],"forces":[35],"remain":[36],"unclear.":[37],"In":[38,192,230],"this":[39,259],"study,":[40],"we":[41],"analyzed":[42],"variation":[45],"STC":[50],"used":[52],"ridge":[53],"regression":[54],"combined":[55],"with":[56,132],"path":[57],"analysis":[58],"to":[59,93,209,221,252],"identify":[60],"direct":[61,153,168,171],"indirect":[63,173],"effects":[64,154,174],"climate":[66,270],"change,":[67],"vegetation":[68],"growth,":[69],"elevated":[71],"atmospheric":[72],"CO2":[73],"concentration":[74],"(Ca)":[75],"on":[76,97,103,155,190],"interannual":[78],"trend":[79,131],"WUE.":[81,191],"We":[82],"then":[83],"quantified":[84],"actual":[86,195],"relative":[88,233],"contributions":[89],"these":[91,101],"drivers":[92,249],"change":[95,271],"based":[96],"sensitivity":[99],"variables":[102,110],"trends":[107],"themselves.":[111],"Results":[112],"reveal":[113],"a":[114,129,133,165,182],"mean":[115],"1.57":[118],"g":[119,138,213,227],"C/m2/mm":[120],"STC.":[123],"The":[124,140,256],"annual":[125,141],"series":[127],"showed":[128],"descending":[130],"decline":[134],"rate":[135],"0.0006":[137],"C/m2/mm/year.":[139],"average":[142],"temperature":[143],"(MAT)":[144],"leaf":[146],"area":[147],"index":[148],"(LAI)":[149],"had":[150,164],"strong":[151,166],"positive":[152,184],"WUE,":[157],"while":[158,215],"vapor":[160],"pressure":[161],"deficit":[162],"(VPD)":[163],"negative":[167],"effect.":[169],"Opposite":[170],"offset":[175],"each":[176],"other,":[177],"but":[178],"overall":[179],"there":[180],"was":[181],"total":[183],"effect":[185],"Ca":[187,216,241],"VPD":[189,200,218,243],"terms":[193,231],"contribution,":[196,234],"LAI,":[197],"Ca,":[198],"were":[201,244],"main":[203],"factors;":[205],"LAI":[206,235],"caused":[207,219],"increase":[210],"by":[211,223],"0.0026":[212],"C/m2/mm/year,":[214,228],"decrease":[222],"0.0021":[224],"0.0012":[226],"respectively.":[229],"dominated":[236],"trend,":[239],"although":[240],"also":[245],"factors.":[247],"Other":[248],"contributed":[250],"less":[251],"trend.":[255],"results":[257],"study":[260],"have":[261],"implications":[262],"for":[263],"ecological":[264],"management":[265],"restoration":[267],"under":[268],"environmental":[269],"conditions":[272],"regions":[275],"worldwide.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2022-09-02T00:00:00"}
