{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293716148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287","title":"Considerations for Assessing Functional Forest Diversity in High-Dimensional Trait Space Derived from Drone-Based Lidar","display_name":"Considerations for Assessing Functional Forest Diversity in High-Dimensional Trait Space Derived from Drone-Based Lidar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293716148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4287/pdf?version=1662361689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4287/pdf?version=1662361689","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062428371","display_name":"Leonard Hambrecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3846-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonard Hambrecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062850904","display_name":"Arko Lucieer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-4516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arko Lucieer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077322258","display_name":"Zbyn\u011bk Malenovsk\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-8103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["AU","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbyn\u011bk Malenovsk\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany","School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018331557","display_name":"Bethany Melville","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-6071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bethany Melville","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059915369","display_name":"Ana Patricia Ruiz-Beltran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Patricia Ruiz-Beltran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004573971","display_name":"Stuart Phinn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Phinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062428371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5171,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58855611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"4287","last_page":"4287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trait","display_name":"Trait","score":0.6944922804832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5585101842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5091404318809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.46867451071739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.43060675263404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.41835227608680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4131006896495819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3353710472583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3108312487602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31072646379470825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.6944922804832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5585101842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5091404318809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46867451071739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.43060675263404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.41835227608680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4131006896495819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3353710472583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3108312487602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31072646379470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4287/pdf?version=1662361689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b0e552d38794baa80422bfb839e8f9e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b0e552d38794baa80422bfb839e8f9e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 4287 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/17/4287/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4287/pdf?version=1662361689","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3955325962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP180103460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293716148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293716148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499267374","https://openalex.org/W1596936787","https://openalex.org/W1701054150","https://openalex.org/W1720178141","https://openalex.org/W1965431014","https://openalex.org/W1976029164","https://openalex.org/W1984188157","https://openalex.org/W1984401581","https://openalex.org/W2014383059","https://openalex.org/W2022825068","https://openalex.org/W2028901390","https://openalex.org/W2030364282","https://openalex.org/W2037528563","https://openalex.org/W2038596493","https://openalex.org/W2048463265","https://openalex.org/W2055134456","https://openalex.org/W2061920292","https://openalex.org/W2083042430","https://openalex.org/W2094117115","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2116674621","https://openalex.org/W2124399548","https://openalex.org/W2128910118","https://openalex.org/W2158205733","https://openalex.org/W2162348455","https://openalex.org/W2280611282","https://openalex.org/W2296685749","https://openalex.org/W2427688769","https://openalex.org/W2520690990","https://openalex.org/W2612949972","https://openalex.org/W2742650136","https://openalex.org/W2765920222","https://openalex.org/W2767594761","https://openalex.org/W2802742804","https://openalex.org/W2883271464","https://openalex.org/W2892336504","https://openalex.org/W2901497416","https://openalex.org/W2914261052","https://openalex.org/W2947166136","https://openalex.org/W2949782216","https://openalex.org/W2955316307","https://openalex.org/W2960272772","https://openalex.org/W2970231999","https://openalex.org/W2970542142","https://openalex.org/W2978075346","https://openalex.org/W2979970650","https://openalex.org/W2984645326","https://openalex.org/W2991204505","https://openalex.org/W3000080835","https://openalex.org/W3001084290","https://openalex.org/W3003509779","https://openalex.org/W3009513064","https://openalex.org/W3023383448","https://openalex.org/W3025652605","https://openalex.org/W3031512055","https://openalex.org/W3036326309","https://openalex.org/W3036356856","https://openalex.org/W3040910174","https://openalex.org/W3043158170","https://openalex.org/W3083925870","https://openalex.org/W3088507381","https://openalex.org/W3089668177","https://openalex.org/W3091884078","https://openalex.org/W3094643344","https://openalex.org/W3101634875","https://openalex.org/W3107064847","https://openalex.org/W3121426988","https://openalex.org/W3126079966","https://openalex.org/W3136423507","https://openalex.org/W3142180569","https://openalex.org/W3157354053","https://openalex.org/W3157504330","https://openalex.org/W3197393425","https://openalex.org/W3199112784","https://openalex.org/W3202458082","https://openalex.org/W3206660585","https://openalex.org/W4210473623","https://openalex.org/W4281782327","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6792220653","https://openalex.org/W6802948820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2579148721","https://openalex.org/W4387893611","https://openalex.org/W2347335694","https://openalex.org/W2091056927","https://openalex.org/W2067407580","https://openalex.org/W4317486777","https://openalex.org/W4389669152","https://openalex.org/W2038514069","https://openalex.org/W1967233468","https://openalex.org/W2009181529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remotely":[0],"sensed":[1],"morphological":[2],"traits":[3,40,120,148,193,249,270],"have":[4],"been":[5],"used":[6,54],"to":[7,35,55,163,216,261,290],"assess":[8],"functional":[9,57],"diversity":[10,58,72],"of":[11,63,94,97,117,160,191,231,240,254,265,280],"forests.":[12],"This":[13,125,258,286],"approach":[14],"is":[15,90],"potentially":[16],"spatial-scale-independent.":[17],"Lidar":[18],"data":[19,64,241],"collected":[20],"from":[21,180,272],"the":[22,95,109,154,189,210,220,229,237,244,263,288],"ground":[23,164],"or":[24,133,198],"by":[25],"drone":[26],"at":[27,41,255],"a":[28,77,86,171,251,278],"high":[29],"point":[30],"density":[31,80,130],"provide":[32,277],"an":[33],"opportunity":[34],"consider":[36],"multiple":[37],"ecologically":[38,118],"meaningful":[39,119],"fine-scale":[42],"ecological":[43,221],"units":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46],"individual":[47],"trees.":[48],"However,":[49],"high-spatial-resolution":[50],"and":[51,102,121,166,224],"multi-trait":[52],"datasets":[53],"calculate":[56],"can":[59,66,73,114],"produce":[60],"large":[61],"volumes":[62],"that":[65,177],"be":[67,74,140,217,226],"computationally":[68,91,141],"resource":[69],"demanding.":[70],"Functional":[71],"derived":[75,179,271],"through":[76,99],"trait":[78,88,100,173,245],"probability":[79],"(TPD)":[81],"approach.":[82],"Computing":[83],"TPD":[84,178,214,266],"in":[85,144,293],"high-dimensional":[87,172],"space":[89],"intensive.":[92],"Reductions":[93],"number":[96,159,190,230,239],"dimensions":[98],"selection":[101,113],"principal":[103],"component":[104],"analysis":[105],"(PCA)":[106],"may":[107,139],"reduce":[108,122],"computational":[110],"load.":[111],"Trait":[112],"facilitate":[115],"identification":[116],"inter-trait":[123],"correlation.":[124],"study":[126,259],"investigates":[127],"whether":[128],"kernel":[129,211,234,252],"estimator":[131],"(KDE)":[132],"one-class":[134],"support":[135],"vector":[136],"machine":[137],"(SVM)":[138],"more":[142,183,199],"efficient":[143,184],"calculating":[145],"TPD.":[146],"Four":[147],"were":[149],"selected":[150],"for":[151,213,219,228],"input":[152,192],"into":[153],"TPD:":[155],"canopy":[156],"height,":[157],"effective":[158],"layers,":[161],"plant":[162],"ratio,":[165],"box":[167],"dimensions.":[168],"When":[169],"simulating":[170],"space,":[174],"we":[175],"found":[176],"KDE":[181],"was":[182,194],"than":[185],"using":[186],"SVM":[187],"when":[188],"high.":[195],"For":[196],"five":[197],"traits,":[200],"applying":[201],"dimension":[202],"reduction":[203],"techniques":[204],"(e.g.,":[205],"PCA)":[206],"are":[207],"recommended.":[208],"Furthermore,":[209],"size":[212,235,253],"needs":[215],"appropriate":[218,227],"target":[222],"unit":[223],"should":[225],"traits.":[232],"The":[233],"determines":[236],"required":[238],"points":[242],"within":[243],"space.":[246],"Therefore,":[247],"3\u20135":[248],"require":[250],"least":[256],"7\u00d77pixels.":[257],"contributes":[260],"improving":[262],"quality":[264],"calculations":[267],"based":[268,282],"on":[269,283],"remote":[273],"sensing":[274],"data.":[275],"We":[276],"set":[279],"recommendations":[281],"our":[284],"findings.":[285],"has":[287],"potential":[289],"improve":[291],"reliability":[292],"identifying":[294],"biodiversity":[295],"hotspots.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
