{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293714524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280","title":"An Improved Method for Rainfall Forecast Based on GNSS-PWV","display_name":"An Improved Method for Rainfall Forecast Based on GNSS-PWV","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293714524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4280/pdf?version=1661857091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4280/pdf?version=1661857091","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103281102","display_name":"Longjiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1388-3300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longjiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079094554","display_name":"Kefei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-1148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kefei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010638698","display_name":"Suqin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-402X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suqin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100669167","display_name":"Haobo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5441-2818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haobo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377908","display_name":"Xiaoming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-6630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082554131","display_name":"Andong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6929-2158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161675122","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00bdqav06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I161675122","https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802992173"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161675122","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382387","display_name":"Wang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-1509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650031, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113695607","display_name":"Erjiang Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erjiang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, No. 1 Xinbei Road, Pukou District, Nanjing 211899, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, No. 1 Xinbei Road, Pukou District, Nanjing 211899, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001054710","display_name":"Minghao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-7436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103139267","display_name":"Zhen Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-4589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079094554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504","https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":22.9447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99235761,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"4280","last_page":"4280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8665671348571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.5700597763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5609989762306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.44950756430625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2859002947807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25430113077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18324634432792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.16190659999847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12465876340866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08076179027557373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8665671348571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.5700597763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5609989762306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.44950756430625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2859002947807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25430113077163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18324634432792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.16190659999847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12465876340866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08076179027557373}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4280/pdf?version=1661857091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f35ed3b15a04fe4b5772d03a25f92cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f35ed3b15a04fe4b5772d03a25f92cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 4280 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/17/4280/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 17; Pages: 4280","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:51958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/51958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 14(17), 4280","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4280/pdf?version=1661857091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6563886235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41874040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8656844291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41730109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293714524.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293714524.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541774929","https://openalex.org/W1607909567","https://openalex.org/W1963904967","https://openalex.org/W1978913484","https://openalex.org/W1991808486","https://openalex.org/W2009637031","https://openalex.org/W2039627773","https://openalex.org/W2040624021","https://openalex.org/W2048363304","https://openalex.org/W2053987409","https://openalex.org/W2098860390","https://openalex.org/W2107442290","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2119486063","https://openalex.org/W2127642947","https://openalex.org/W2141625559","https://openalex.org/W2152575748","https://openalex.org/W2157114654","https://openalex.org/W2159193885","https://openalex.org/W2169507597","https://openalex.org/W2174616381","https://openalex.org/W2194644153","https://openalex.org/W2284447156","https://openalex.org/W2346521893","https://openalex.org/W2604650314","https://openalex.org/W2738885963","https://openalex.org/W2743536755","https://openalex.org/W2757163858","https://openalex.org/W2795624920","https://openalex.org/W2800312469","https://openalex.org/W2808307112","https://openalex.org/W2809858944","https://openalex.org/W2810451683","https://openalex.org/W2894118305","https://openalex.org/W2899064444","https://openalex.org/W2906266828","https://openalex.org/W2914475297","https://openalex.org/W2961734370","https://openalex.org/W2970386345","https://openalex.org/W2977665273","https://openalex.org/W2987896659","https://openalex.org/W2990464751","https://openalex.org/W2998019543","https://openalex.org/W3005417347","https://openalex.org/W3010715572","https://openalex.org/W3021081018","https://openalex.org/W3021436706","https://openalex.org/W3037273988","https://openalex.org/W3092228644","https://openalex.org/W3092778796","https://openalex.org/W3112604852","https://openalex.org/W3127742799","https://openalex.org/W3144229804","https://openalex.org/W3162693491","https://openalex.org/W3183128335","https://openalex.org/W3204089945","https://openalex.org/W6652587905","https://openalex.org/W6750951757","https://openalex.org/W6790038511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W1982137911","https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W4288060108","https://openalex.org/W2227743261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"navigation":[1],"satellite":[2],"systems":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"applied":[7],"to":[8,17,33,72,211,231,246,259,279],"the":[9,40,48,67,79,101,104,107,110,117,120,125,132,163,175,181,187,196,202,206,214,220,233,237,240,249,254,262,280,283,286,289,300,310],"sounding":[10],"of":[11,45,103,109,119,186,222,251,264,282,315],"precipitable":[12],"water":[13],"vapor":[14],"(PWV)":[15],"due":[16],"its":[18],"high":[19,22],"accuracy":[20],"and":[21,43,63,116,139,146,171,219,225,253,274,312],"spatiotemporal":[23],"resolutions.":[24],"PWV":[25,89,93],"obtained":[26],"from":[27,70,180,209,244,257],"GNSS":[28,61,203],"(GNSS-PWV)":[29],"can":[30],"be":[31],"used":[32],"investigate":[34],"extreme":[35],"weather":[36],"phenomena,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"formation":[41],"mechanism":[42],"prediction":[44,86,114,127,165,188],"rainfalls.":[46],"In":[47],"study,":[49],"a":[50],"new,":[51],"improved":[52],"model":[53,83,105,198,234],"for":[54,66,100,112,123,153,205,318],"rainfall":[55,64,155],"forecasting":[56,319],"was":[57,179,199,268],"developed":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60],"data":[62,65,204],"9-year":[68],"period":[69,208],"2010":[71],"2018":[73],"at":[74,213,288],"66":[75,217,238],"stations":[76,290],"located":[77,293,302],"in":[78,294,303],"USA.":[80],"The":[81,95],"new":[82,197],"included":[84],"three":[85,126,164],"factors\u2014PWV":[87],"value,":[88],"increase,":[90],"maximum":[91],"hourly":[92],"increase.":[94],"two":[96,185],"key":[97],"tasks":[98],"involved":[99],"development":[102],"were":[106,144,168,190,229,277,297],"determination":[108],"thresholds":[111],"each":[113],"factor":[115],"selection":[118],"optimal":[121],"strategy":[122],"using":[124,201,316],"factors":[128,166,189],"together.":[129],"For":[130],"determining":[131],"thresholds,":[133],"both":[134,272],"critical":[135],"success":[136],"index":[137],"(CSI)":[138],"true":[140],"skill":[141],"statistic":[142],"(TSS)":[143],"tested,":[145,170],"results":[147,172,287,308],"showed":[148],"that":[149,174,183,271,291],"TSS":[150],"outperformed":[151],"CSI":[152],"all":[154],"events":[156],"tested.":[157],"Then,":[158],"various":[159],"strategies":[160],"by":[161],"combining":[162],"together":[167],"also":[169,269],"indicated":[173],"best":[176],"forecast":[177],"result":[178],"case":[182],"any":[184],"over":[191],"their":[192],"own":[193],"thresholds.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"evaluated":[200],"2-year":[207],"2019":[210],"2020":[212],"above":[215],"mentioned":[216],"stations,":[218,239],"probability":[221],"detection":[223],"(POD)":[224],"false-alarms":[226],"rate":[227],"(FAR)":[228],"adopted":[230],"measure":[232],"performances.":[235],"Over":[236],"POD":[241,273],"values":[242,276],"ranged":[243,256],"73%":[245],"97%":[247],"with":[248,261],"mean":[250,263],"87%,":[252],"FARs":[255],"26%":[258],"77%":[260],"53%.":[265],"Moreover,":[266],"it":[267],"found":[270],"FAR":[275],"related":[278],"region":[281],"station;":[284],"e.g.,":[285],"are":[292],"humid":[295],"regions":[296],"better":[298],"than":[299],"ones":[301],"dry":[304],"regions.":[305],"All":[306],"these":[307],"suggest":[309],"feasibility":[311],"good":[313],"performance":[314],"GNSS-PWV":[317],"rainfall.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2022-08-31T00:00:00"}