{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293207263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190","title":"Fast Segmentation and Dynamic Monitoring of Time-Lapse 3D GPR Data Based on U-Net","display_name":"Fast Segmentation and Dynamic Monitoring of Time-Lapse 3D GPR Data Based on U-Net","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293207263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4190/pdf?version=1661517709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4190/pdf?version=1661517709","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051893520","display_name":"Ke Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-6609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015661510","display_name":"Feizhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7083-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feizhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010748533","display_name":"Ao Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China (MEMC), Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China (MEMC), Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031829178","display_name":"Jianyu Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088154096","display_name":"Jiwen Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwen Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410559","display_name":"Zihan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-4487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079743422","display_name":"Rongyi Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-8660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rongyi Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079743422"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67324131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"4190","last_page":"4190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.941335916519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6074671745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5303279757499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.50026535987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4987673759460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4355849623680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4228583574295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41718220710754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36751431226730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3549279272556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10516172647476196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.941335916519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6074671745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5303279757499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.50026535987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4987673759460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4355849623680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4228583574295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41718220710754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36751431226730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3549279272556305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10516172647476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4190/pdf?version=1661517709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e316d28df41848198ee81c94c52203b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e316d28df41848198ee81c94c52203b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 4190 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/17/4190/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 17; Pages: 4190","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14174190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174190","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/17/4190/pdf?version=1661517709","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328899","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293207263.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293207263.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W301674672","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2063185963","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119838154","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2325735044","https://openalex.org/W2729796907","https://openalex.org/W2765795430","https://openalex.org/W2766854032","https://openalex.org/W2905734412","https://openalex.org/W2965946211","https://openalex.org/W4200527727","https://openalex.org/W4220680988","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6677651945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,11,61,92,108,121,125,133],"amount":[2],"of":[3,14,124,135],"ground-penetrating":[4],"radar":[5],"(GPR)":[6],"data":[7,26,63,143],"increases":[8],"significantly":[9],"with":[10],"high":[12],"demands":[13],"nondestructive":[15],"detection":[16],"methods":[17],"under":[18],"urban":[19],"roads,":[20],"a":[21,46,73,84,118],"method":[22],"suitable":[23],"for":[24],"time-lapse":[25,41,62,140],"dynamic":[27,146],"monitoring":[28],"should":[29],"be":[30],"developed":[31],"to":[32,50,70],"quickly":[33],"identify":[34],"targets":[35],"on":[36,78,107],"GPR":[37,57,142],"profiles":[38,97],"and":[39,60,145],"compare":[40],"datasets.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"conducted":[45],"field":[47],"experiment":[48],"aiming":[49],"monitor":[51],"one":[52],"backfill":[53,93,126],"pit":[54,94,127],"using":[55],"three-dimensional":[56],"(3D":[58],"GPR),":[59],"collected":[64],"over":[65,102],"four":[66],"months":[67],"were":[68,114],"used":[69],"train":[71],"U-Net,":[72],"fast":[74],"neural":[75,80],"network":[76,86],"based":[77],"convolutional":[79],"networks":[81],"(CNNs).":[82],"Consequently,":[83],"trained":[85],"model":[87],"that":[88,117],"could":[89],"effectively":[90],"segment":[91],"from":[95],"inline":[96],"was":[98,105],"obtained,":[99],"whose":[100],"Intersection":[101],"Union":[103],"(IoU)":[104],"0.83":[106],"test":[109],"dataset.":[110],"Moreover,":[111],"segmentation":[112,144],"masks":[113],"compared,":[115],"demonstrating":[116],"change":[119],"in":[120,139],"southwest":[122],"side":[123],"may":[128],"exist.":[129],"The":[130],"results":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"potential":[134],"machine":[136],"learning":[137],"algorithms":[138],"3D":[141],"monitoring.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-08-27T00:00:00"}