{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292962639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103","title":"Imbalanced Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition with Trigonometric Loss and Attention Mechanism Convolutional Network","display_name":"Imbalanced Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition with Trigonometric Loss and Attention Mechanism Convolutional Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292962639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14164103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/4103/pdf?version=1661233989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/4103/pdf?version=1661233989","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048056956","display_name":"Yanxin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-3370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757658","display_name":"Mengqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9881-404X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388177","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-5771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658653","display_name":"Bingbing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102757930","display_name":"Ke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-9460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049371974","display_name":"Bo Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-1255"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Land Aviation, Beijing 101121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Land Aviation, Beijing 101121, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhijian Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198357462","display_name":"Changsha University","ror":"https://ror.org/011d8sm39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijian Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering and Applied Mathematics, Changsha University, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering and Applied Mathematics, Changsha University, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198357462"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100757658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.8974,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95511305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"16","first_page":"4103","last_page":"4103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353945374488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5941771864891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5848332643508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5003387928009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49122971296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-entropy","display_name":"Cross entropy","score":0.4786625802516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4216657876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40505659580230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3339042067527771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353945374488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5941771864891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5848332643508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5003387928009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49122971296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1685498","display_name":"Cross entropy","level":3,"score":0.4786625802516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4216657876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40505659580230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3339042067527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14164103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/4103/pdf?version=1661233989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64c5eab6ef0d4190a9b7f6560eb06ab7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64c5eab6ef0d4190a9b7f6560eb06ab7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 16, p 4103 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/16/4103/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 16; Pages: 4103","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14164103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164103","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/4103/pdf?version=1661233989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1253861438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK20-35","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","funder_display_name":"National University of Defense Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4252768173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61905283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5197128145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. ZK19-36","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","funder_display_name":"National University of Defense Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5697759870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6190528","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5756270204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK20-39","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5940400180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"kq2202067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6036588230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK20-35","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6058138561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7235354503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK19-36","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","funder_display_name":"National University of Defense Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7747415287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZK19-36","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292962639.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292962639.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W1996987108","https://openalex.org/W2008572791","https://openalex.org/W2012328868","https://openalex.org/W2123506034","https://openalex.org/W2159942517","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2440599146","https://openalex.org/W2466903746","https://openalex.org/W2552084452","https://openalex.org/W2555107250","https://openalex.org/W2615969281","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2794998842","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2920091008","https://openalex.org/W2963113370","https://openalex.org/W2963212406","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2979035740","https://openalex.org/W2989691494","https://openalex.org/W3005965220","https://openalex.org/W3011722050","https://openalex.org/W3043794876","https://openalex.org/W3106887146","https://openalex.org/W3194650931","https://openalex.org/W3213256753","https://openalex.org/W4213433356","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6683640645","https://openalex.org/W6737760375","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W1999583034","https://openalex.org/W3168963531","https://openalex.org/W2591930867","https://openalex.org/W2953138830","https://openalex.org/W2773822314","https://openalex.org/W3176162126","https://openalex.org/W2891537746","https://openalex.org/W3201231642","https://openalex.org/W2964954556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"balanced":[1,130],"dataset":[2],"is":[3,16,37,44,70,80,94],"generally":[4],"beneficial":[5],"to":[6,72,82,96,127,151],"underwater":[7,103,138,145],"acoustic":[8,104,139],"target":[9],"recognition.":[10],"However,":[11],"the":[12,40,62,99,109,117,153,161,165,177,182,195,198,203],"imbalanced":[13,137],"class":[14,100],"distribution":[15],"always":[17],"meted":[18],"out":[19],"in":[20,46,102],"a":[21,27,47,66,89,129,170],"real":[22],"scene.":[23],"To":[24],"address":[25],"this,":[26],"weighted":[28],"cross":[29],"entropy":[30],"loss":[31,42,92,110,118,132,180,184,200],"function":[32,36,43,93,107,185,201],"based":[33,123],"on":[34,124],"trigonometric":[35],"proposed.":[38],"Then,":[39,76],"proposed":[41,154,162,183,199],"applied":[45],"multi-scale":[48,67,74,85],"residual":[49],"convolutional":[50,172],"neural":[51,173],"network":[52,163],"(named":[53],"MR-CNN-A":[54],"network)":[55],"embedded":[56],"with":[57,98,176],"an":[58,77],"attention":[59,78],"mechanism":[60,79],"for":[61,133],"recognition":[63],"task.":[64],"Firstly,":[65],"convolution":[68],"kernel":[69],"used":[71,81,95,150],"obtain":[73],"features.":[75],"fuse":[83],"these":[84],"feature":[86],"maps.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"cosx-function-weighted":[90],"cross-entropy":[91],"deal":[97],"imbalance":[101],"data.":[105],"This":[106],"adjusts":[108],"ratio":[111],"of":[112,120,197],"each":[113,134],"sample":[114],"by":[115],"adjusting":[116],"interval":[119],"every":[121],"mini-batch":[122],"cosx":[125],"term":[126],"achieve":[128],"total":[131],"class.":[135],"Two":[136],"data":[140],"sets,":[141],"ShipsEar":[142],"and":[143,169,189,202],"autonomous":[144],"vehicle":[146],"(self-collected":[147],"data)":[148],"are":[149],"evaluate":[152],"network.":[155,174,204],"The":[156,191],"experimental":[157],"results":[158,192],"show":[159],"that":[160],"outperforms":[164],"support":[166],"vector":[167],"machine":[168],"simple":[171],"Compared":[175],"other":[178],"three":[179],"functions,":[181],"achieves":[186],"better":[187],"stability":[188],"adaptability.":[190],"strongly":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"validity":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2022-08-24T00:00:00"}
