{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291017753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884","title":"BDS/GPS Multi-Baseline Relative Positioning for Deformation Monitoring","display_name":"BDS/GPS Multi-Baseline Relative Positioning for Deformation Monitoring","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291017753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14163884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3884/pdf?version=1660198258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3884/pdf?version=1660198258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342610","display_name":"Haonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1587-8628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018904310","display_name":"Wujiao Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wujiao Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048696544","display_name":"Wenkun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenkun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018904310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.7362,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9547643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"16","first_page":"3884","last_page":"3884"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7376023530960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6414528489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.6051969528198242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.6012846827507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation-monitoring","display_name":"Deformation monitoring","score":0.5866246223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5419919490814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5128088593482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.5030099749565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4495962858200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4394153952598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4185813367366791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4048413038253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.28896984457969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23114153742790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.22718605399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19651460647583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1857571303844452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15387284755706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1327076554298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08848974108695984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7376023530960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6414528489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.6051969528198242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.6012846827507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136428324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838414","display_name":"Deformation monitoring","level":3,"score":0.5866246223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5419919490814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5128088593482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5030099749565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4495962858200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4394153952598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4185813367366791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4048413038253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.28896984457969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23114153742790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.22718605399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19651460647583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1857571303844452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15387284755706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1327076554298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08848974108695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14163884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3884/pdf?version=1660198258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3e5bac141da44f09a1837c82e5806c0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3e5bac141da44f09a1837c82e5806c0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 16, p 3884 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/16/3884/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 16; Pages: 3884","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14163884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163884","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/16/3884/pdf?version=1660198258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1681364695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021zzts0800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260269326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ40728","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4669107028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX20210287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5340860353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ40728","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6144223558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42104022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8304166458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021zzts0800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8860667437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX20210287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326217","funder_display_name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326217","display_name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291017753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4291017753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989897590","https://openalex.org/W1991543182","https://openalex.org/W1996942931","https://openalex.org/W1997184591","https://openalex.org/W1999518106","https://openalex.org/W2007724972","https://openalex.org/W2029442952","https://openalex.org/W2038036365","https://openalex.org/W2048032999","https://openalex.org/W2061135027","https://openalex.org/W2076413875","https://openalex.org/W2079986986","https://openalex.org/W2081182187","https://openalex.org/W2088410888","https://openalex.org/W2088437117","https://openalex.org/W2120177118","https://openalex.org/W2120556255","https://openalex.org/W2204064426","https://openalex.org/W2219640434","https://openalex.org/W2363520339","https://openalex.org/W2492876953","https://openalex.org/W2517671884","https://openalex.org/W2527140399","https://openalex.org/W2542249065","https://openalex.org/W2548412533","https://openalex.org/W2587164394","https://openalex.org/W2610329913","https://openalex.org/W2670523370","https://openalex.org/W2778099803","https://openalex.org/W2803331345","https://openalex.org/W2811440635","https://openalex.org/W2888048178","https://openalex.org/W2911255784","https://openalex.org/W2943456216","https://openalex.org/W2967819855","https://openalex.org/W2972794349","https://openalex.org/W3090189857","https://openalex.org/W3127825256","https://openalex.org/W3156919793","https://openalex.org/W3158833404","https://openalex.org/W4200469293","https://openalex.org/W4283821868","https://openalex.org/W6637227662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4386787199","https://openalex.org/W4384916587","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W2970295025","https://openalex.org/W2264631783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112],"single-baseline":[1],"solution":[2,95],"(SBS)":[3],"model":[4,32,101,119,157,189,226],"has":[5,103],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"adopted":[8],"by":[9,169,235],"the":[10,30,34,40,86,93,108,117,152,155,160,176,181,187,191,208,219,224,228,232],"existing":[11],"global":[12],"navigation":[13],"satellite":[14,57],"system":[15],"(GNSS)":[16],"deformation":[17,128],"monitoring":[18,61,87,129,229],"systems":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,84,171],"its":[22],"theoretical":[23],"simplicity":[24],"and":[25,39,42,72,98,114,138,165,173,193,205,215],"ease":[26],"of":[27,107,116,134,142,202,212],"implementation.":[28],"However,":[29],"SBS":[31,153],"neglects":[33],"mathematical":[35],"correlation":[36],"between":[37],"baselines,":[38],"accuracy":[41,200,210],"reliability":[43,113],"can":[44,81,158],"be":[45,82],"degraded":[46],"for":[47,186],"baselines":[48],"with":[49,130,151,197,207],"long":[50],"length,":[51],"large":[52],"height":[53,140],"difference":[54,141],"or":[55,65],"frequent":[56],"signal":[58],"occlusion.":[59],"When":[60],"large-area":[62],"ground":[63,126],"settlement":[64,127],"long-spanned":[66],"linear":[67],"objects":[68],"such":[69],"as":[70],"bridges":[71],"railroads,":[73],"multiple":[74],"reference":[75],"stations":[76],"are":[77,120],"frequently":[78],"utilized,":[79],"which":[80],"exploited":[83],"improve":[85],"performance.":[88],"Therefore,":[89],"this":[90],"paper":[91],"evaluates":[92],"multi-baseline":[94],"(MBS)":[96],"model,":[97,154],"constrained-MBS":[99],"(CMBS)":[100],"that":[102],"a":[104,131,139],"prior":[105],"constraint":[106],"spatial-correlated":[109],"tropospheric":[110,221],"delay.":[111],"validity":[115],"MBS":[118,156,188],"verified":[121],"using":[122],"GPS/BDS":[123,183],"datasets":[124],"from":[125],"baseline":[132],"length":[133],"about":[135,143,203,213,236],"20":[136],"km":[137],"200":[144],"m.":[145],"Numerical":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"that,":[149],"compared":[150],"reduce":[159],"positioning":[161,184,195],"standard":[162],"deviation":[163],"(STD)":[164],"root-mean-squared":[166],"(RMS)":[167],"errors":[168],"up":[170,233],"(47.4/51.3/66.2%)":[172],"(56.9/60.4/58.4%)":[174],"in":[175,231],"north/east/up":[177],"components,":[178],"respectively.":[179,217],"Moreover,":[180],"combined":[182],"performance":[185],"outperforms":[190],"GPS-only":[192],"BDS-only":[194],"models,":[196],"an":[198],"average":[199],"improvement":[201,211],"13.8":[204],"25.8%,":[206],"highest":[209],"41.6":[214],"43.8%,":[216],"With":[218],"additional":[220],"delay":[222],"constraint,":[223],"CMBS":[225],"improves":[227],"precision":[230],"direction":[234],"45.0%.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2022-08-13T00:00:00"}