{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290755674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755","title":"Adopting Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection for Near Real-Time Camouflage Detection in Multispectral Imagery","display_name":"Adopting Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection for Near Real-Time Camouflage Detection in Multispectral Imagery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290755674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3755/pdf?version=1659695056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3755/pdf?version=1659695056","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026094488","display_name":"Tobias Hupel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Hupel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Flight Systems, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Flight Systems, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003820829","display_name":"Peter St\u00fctz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-4392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter St\u00fctz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Flight Systems, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Flight Systems, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026094488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9418,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94341809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3755","last_page":"3755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camouflage","display_name":"Camouflage","score":0.9396628141403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.9354180097579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8899062871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7541701793670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.675342321395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6193863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.5365111827850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47512155771255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3916608691215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22368744015693665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.9396628141403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.9354180097579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8899062871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7541701793670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.675342321395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6193863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.5365111827850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47512155771255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3916608691215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22368744015693665}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3755/pdf?version=1659695056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dcf45d8687cd4f1f966f1cd38f787225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dcf45d8687cd4f1f966f1cd38f787225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3755 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3755/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 15; Pages: 3755","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153755","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3755/pdf?version=1659695056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317352","display_name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Ausr\u00fcstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr","ror":"https://ror.org/026sbm463"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290755674.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290755674.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971637299","https://openalex.org/W1975610128","https://openalex.org/W2004491663","https://openalex.org/W2040078680","https://openalex.org/W2047870694","https://openalex.org/W2069209512","https://openalex.org/W2101544546","https://openalex.org/W2104266030","https://openalex.org/W2124463804","https://openalex.org/W2158340226","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2163129097","https://openalex.org/W2163957348","https://openalex.org/W2165835468","https://openalex.org/W2295576075","https://openalex.org/W2297271993","https://openalex.org/W2497075055","https://openalex.org/W2559556247","https://openalex.org/W2568395358","https://openalex.org/W2646675373","https://openalex.org/W2740976805","https://openalex.org/W2751398379","https://openalex.org/W2883925605","https://openalex.org/W2885006302","https://openalex.org/W2971526891","https://openalex.org/W2979539276","https://openalex.org/W2979736561","https://openalex.org/W2987079549","https://openalex.org/W2995545753","https://openalex.org/W3003765781","https://openalex.org/W3021998006","https://openalex.org/W3043008047","https://openalex.org/W3110256798","https://openalex.org/W3140411515","https://openalex.org/W3188181112","https://openalex.org/W3206307121","https://openalex.org/W3216843453","https://openalex.org/W4247811648","https://openalex.org/W6675077989","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W1990914742","https://openalex.org/W3106536224","https://openalex.org/W2891033441","https://openalex.org/W2890371384","https://openalex.org/W2315521504","https://openalex.org/W2563324120","https://openalex.org/W2006559622","https://openalex.org/W2040756827","https://openalex.org/W2051769241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tactical":[0],"reconnaissance":[1],"using":[2],"small":[3],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicles":[6],"has":[7],"become":[8],"a":[9,34,46,81,102],"common":[10],"military":[11],"scenario.":[12],"However,":[13],"since":[14],"their":[15],"sensor":[16],"systems":[17],"are":[18],"usually":[19],"limited":[20],"to":[21,40,49,57,136],"rudimentary":[22],"visual":[23],"or":[24],"thermal":[25],"imaging,":[26],"the":[27,51,66,85,112,178,181,185],"detection":[28,73,96,145,172,188,192],"of":[29,68,174,184],"camouflaged":[30],"objects":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33,116],"particularly":[35],"hard":[36],"challenge.":[37],"With":[38],"respect":[39],"SWaP-C":[41],"criteria,":[42],"multispectral":[43,98,194],"sensors":[44],"represent":[45],"promising":[47],"solution":[48],"increase":[50],"spectral":[52],"information":[53],"that":[54,108],"could":[55,114],"lead":[56],"unveiling":[58],"camouflage.":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"investigates":[63],"and":[64,78,80,150,165],"evaluates":[65],"applicability":[67,183],"four":[69],"well-known":[70],"hyperspectral":[71,186],"anomaly":[72,187],"methods":[74,129,151,189],"(RX,":[75],"LRX,":[76],"CRD,":[77],"AED)":[79],"method":[82],"developed":[83],"by":[84,124,159],"authors":[86],"called":[87],"local":[88],"point":[89],"density":[90],"(LPD)":[91],"for":[92,138,190],"near":[93],"real-time":[94],"camouflage":[95,191],"in":[97,111,144,169,193],"imagery":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101],"specially":[103],"created":[104],"dataset.":[105],"Results":[106],"show":[107],"all":[109,148,175],"targets":[110,149],"dataset":[113,155],"successfully":[115],"detected":[117],"with":[118,127],"an":[119,132],"AUC":[120,133],"greater":[121],"than":[122],"0.9":[123],"multiple":[125,160],"methods,":[126],"some":[128],"even":[130],"reaching":[131],"relatively":[134],"close":[135],"1.0":[137],"certain":[139],"targets.":[140],"Yet,":[141],"great":[142],"variations":[143],"performance":[146],"over":[147],"were":[152],"observed.":[153],"The":[154],"was":[156],"additionally":[157],"enhanced":[158],"vegetation":[161],"indices":[162],"(BNDVI,":[163],"GNDVI,":[164],"NDRE),":[166],"which":[167],"resulted":[168],"generally":[170],"higher":[171],"performances":[173],"methods.":[176],"Overall,":[177],"results":[179],"demonstrated":[180],"general":[182],"imagery.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
