{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289861305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747","title":"External Tropospheric Corrections by Using Kriging Interpolation for Improving PPP-RTK Positioning Solutions","display_name":"External Tropospheric Corrections by Using Kriging Interpolation for Improving PPP-RTK Positioning Solutions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289861305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3747/pdf?version=1660004311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3747/pdf?version=1660004311","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019497119","display_name":"Chuanfeng Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanfeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123032, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032135086","display_name":"Hongyang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3772-1966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongyang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210037, China","State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040955565","display_name":"Huizhong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-6536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizhong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123032, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062090214","display_name":"Bo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-9847"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Province Surveying & Mapping Engineering Institute, Nanjing 210013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Province Surveying & Mapping Engineering Institute, Nanjing 210013, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017748946","display_name":"Nan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8468-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134687103","display_name":"Nanjing Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd35x91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032135086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134687103","https://openalex.org/I4210114963"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8242,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93810955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3747","last_page":"3747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.7604351043701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7418314814567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.667982816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.5371962189674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4951256811618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48635679483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4139920771121979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.23027479648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.20949968695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12634694576263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09688618779182434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.7604351043701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7418314814567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.667982816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.5371962189674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4951256811618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48635679483413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4139920771121979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.23027479648590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.20949968695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12634694576263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09688618779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3747/pdf?version=1660004311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b25065c5ab4249d697da3a71fc8852dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b25065c5ab4249d697da3a71fc8852dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3747 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3747/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153747","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3747/pdf?version=1660004311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3804111321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42030109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289861305.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289861305.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12466108","https://openalex.org/W973792660","https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1922136352","https://openalex.org/W1972063889","https://openalex.org/W1977996443","https://openalex.org/W1979470835","https://openalex.org/W2000086150","https://openalex.org/W2037924580","https://openalex.org/W2045633106","https://openalex.org/W2060209312","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2066989672","https://openalex.org/W2091247042","https://openalex.org/W2095093213","https://openalex.org/W2095142679","https://openalex.org/W2117514435","https://openalex.org/W2134020105","https://openalex.org/W2154396746","https://openalex.org/W2173608195","https://openalex.org/W2204453145","https://openalex.org/W2290882694","https://openalex.org/W2299708168","https://openalex.org/W2560099721","https://openalex.org/W2611270842","https://openalex.org/W2899622461","https://openalex.org/W3031333046","https://openalex.org/W3052223125","https://openalex.org/W3093502452","https://openalex.org/W3096127599","https://openalex.org/W3120290718","https://openalex.org/W3159669176","https://openalex.org/W3168728700","https://openalex.org/W4240109574","https://openalex.org/W6697577315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W2804003689","https://openalex.org/W4254386944","https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2968867052","https://openalex.org/W4306248906","https://openalex.org/W4220774937","https://openalex.org/W4385199229","https://openalex.org/W4321792462","https://openalex.org/W4306291904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,14,19,33,42,68,86,93,96,101,104,108,116,125,131,137,143,151,166,171,178,185,202,209,213,219,223,235,246,256],"availability":[2],"of":[3,70,95,136,165,170,201,218],"satellite":[4],"carrier-phase":[5],"delay":[6],"corrections":[7,80,97,111],"provided":[8],"by":[9,142,191],"a":[10,24,156,264],"reference":[11],"network":[12],"or":[13],"International":[15],"GNSS":[16,55,71],"Service":[17],"(IGS),":[18],"integer":[20],"ambiguity":[21],"resolution":[22],"for":[23,72,208,222,245],"single":[25],"receiver":[26],"can":[27,39,259],"be":[28],"successfully":[29],"achieved,":[30],"which":[31,188],"is":[32,46,112,121,140,174,228,239],"so-called":[34],"PPP-RTK":[35,38,90,105,204,248],"concept.":[36],"Although":[37],"significantly":[40],"shorten":[41],"convergence":[43,152,163,216,237,267],"time,":[44],"it":[45],"still":[47,260],"worthwhile":[48],"to":[49,58,65,85,114,123,154,199],"further":[50],"investigate":[51],"fast":[52],"and":[53,61,88,150,181,194,225,231,242],"high-precision":[54],"parameter":[56],"estimation":[57],"improve":[59],"efficiency":[60],"productivity.":[62],"In":[63],"order":[64],"fully":[66],"exploit":[67],"potential":[69],"positioning":[73,144,168,211],"applications,":[74],"we":[75],"herein":[76],"introduce":[77],"external":[78],"troposphere":[79],"as":[81,115,128,130,197],"constrained":[82],"pseudo":[83],"observables":[84],"undifferenced":[87],"uncombined":[89],"model.":[91,118],"Since":[92],"uncertainties":[94],"are":[98,189],"considered":[99],"in":[100,263],"data":[102],"processing,":[103],"model":[106,139,173,221,258],"with":[107,177,184],"weighted":[109],"tropospheric":[110,126],"referred":[113],"tropospheric-weighted":[117,138,172,220,257],"Kriging":[119],"interpolation":[120],"applied":[122],"generate":[124],"corrections,":[127],"well":[129,262],"corresponding":[132],"variances.":[133],"The":[134,160,251],"quality":[135],"assessed":[141],"Root":[145],"Mean":[146],"Square":[147],"(RMS)":[148],"errors":[149],"time":[153,164,217,238],"reach":[155],"10":[157],"cm":[158,266],"accuracy.":[159],"90%":[161,214],"3D":[162,215,236],"kinematic":[167],"mode":[169],"43.5":[175],"min":[176,183,193,196,230,241,244],"ambiguity-float":[179,224],"solution":[180],"21.5":[182],"ambiguity-fixed":[186],"solution,":[187],"shortened":[190],"4.5":[192],"5.5":[195],"compared":[198],"those":[200],"standard":[203,247],"model,":[205,249],"respectively.":[206,250],"As":[207],"static":[210],"mode,":[212],"-fixed":[226],"solutions":[227],"25.5":[229],"15":[232],"min,":[233],"while":[234],"31.5":[240],"18.5":[243],"results":[252],"also":[253],"show":[254],"that":[255],"work":[261],"5":[265],"threshold.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
