{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289861024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740","title":"Sar2color: Learning Imaging Characteristics of SAR Images for SAR-to-Optical Transformation","display_name":"Sar2color: Learning Imaging Characteristics of SAR Images for SAR-to-Optical Transformation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289861024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3740/pdf?version=1660033502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3740/pdf?version=1660033502","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101449450","display_name":"Zhe Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-1434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006345361","display_name":"Haojie Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haojie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441252","display_name":"Xuewen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-5853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuewen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101198343","display_name":"Weijie Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784213","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015995416","display_name":"Yangyu Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-5418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyu Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006345361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.2609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8916186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3740","last_page":"3740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.78428053855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7576016187667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6642566323280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5827516913414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise","display_name":"Speckle noise","score":0.49624115228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.48910409212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4706555902957916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45602864027023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4332614839076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.111609548330307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.78428053855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7576016187667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6642566323280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5827516913414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.49624115228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.48910409212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4706555902957916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45602864027023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4332614839076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.111609548330307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3740/pdf?version=1660033502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c027a61e9434352a8096b008d5923ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c027a61e9434352a8096b008d5923ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3740 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3740/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 15; Pages: 3740","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3740/pdf?version=1660033502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8424717203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289861024.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289861024.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537397440","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1991847244","https://openalex.org/W2001432432","https://openalex.org/W2060343549","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2080238410","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2114770744","https://openalex.org/W2136132422","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2431738724","https://openalex.org/W2778936354","https://openalex.org/W2786355301","https://openalex.org/W2810454813","https://openalex.org/W2883861033","https://openalex.org/W2885673693","https://openalex.org/W2910088880","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963008638","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963201933","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2979800489","https://openalex.org/W2982138396","https://openalex.org/W3000672846","https://openalex.org/W3096643492","https://openalex.org/W3101476123","https://openalex.org/W3104899156","https://openalex.org/W3120989794","https://openalex.org/W3129296496","https://openalex.org/W3196551627","https://openalex.org/W3200963432","https://openalex.org/W3206288090","https://openalex.org/W3206737111","https://openalex.org/W3208059427","https://openalex.org/W3213738664","https://openalex.org/W3215865232","https://openalex.org/W4200351140","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6713645886","https://openalex.org/W6781434178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065648684","https://openalex.org/W2009383287","https://openalex.org/W2042914788","https://openalex.org/W2182190754","https://openalex.org/W4321264664","https://openalex.org/W2121688719","https://openalex.org/W2727313114","https://openalex.org/W2016481886","https://openalex.org/W2055824452","https://openalex.org/W1989852278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"images":[1,16,34,45,48],"are":[2],"rich":[3],"in":[4,108,130],"spectral":[5],"information,":[6,123],"but":[7,22],"difficult":[8],"to":[9,46,49,161,184,225],"acquire":[10],"under":[11],"all-weather":[12],"conditions,":[13,21],"while":[14],"SAR":[15,33,44,51,58,92,116,209,246],"can":[17],"overcome":[18],"adverse":[19],"meteorological":[20],"geometric":[23,190],"distortion":[24,191],"and":[25,35,94,104,174,217,248,274,287],"speckle":[26,167],"noise":[27,168],"will":[28,54,96],"reduce":[29,162],"the":[30,62,68,80,88,109,115,135,163,170,176,186,193,202,208,219,227,234,243,267,288,291],"quality":[31],"of":[32,64,70,79,91,165,189,195,204,230,293,297],"thus":[36],"make":[37],"image":[38,52,59,117,210,247,250],"interpretation":[39,53],"more":[40],"challenging.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"transforming":[43],"optical":[47,111,172,196,215,249],"assist":[50],"bring":[55],"opportunities":[56],"for":[57],"application.":[60],"With":[61],"advancement":[63],"deep":[65],"learning":[66],"technology,":[67],"ability":[69],"SAR-to-optical":[71,142],"transformation":[72,83,143,231,263],"has":[73],"been":[74],"greatly":[75],"improved.":[76],"However,":[77],"most":[78],"current":[81],"mainstream":[82,262],"methods":[84],"do":[85],"not":[86,120],"consider":[87],"imaging":[89],"characteristics":[90],"images,":[93,173],"there":[95,124],"be":[97],"failures":[98],"such":[99],"as":[100],"noisy":[101],"color":[102,122,128,221,228],"spots":[103],"regional":[105],"landform":[106],"deformation":[107],"generated":[110,171],"images.":[112,197],"Moreover,":[113],"since":[114],"itself":[118],"does":[119],"contain":[121],"also":[125],"exist":[126],"many":[127],"errors":[129],"these":[131],"results.":[132,232],"Aiming":[133],"at":[134],"above":[136],"problems,":[137],"Sar2color,":[138],"an":[139,214],"end-to-end":[140],"general":[141],"model,":[144,236],"is":[145,211],"proposed":[146],"based":[147],"on":[148,169,192,242,270],"a":[149],"conditional":[150],"generative":[151],"adversarial":[152],"network":[153],"(CGAN).":[154],"The":[155,254],"model":[156],"uses":[157],"DCT":[158],"residual":[159],"block":[160,223],"effect":[164,188,269],"coherent":[166],"constructs":[175],"Light":[177],"atrous":[178],"spatial":[179],"pyramid":[180],"pooling":[181],"(Light-ASPP)":[182],"module":[183,296],"mitigate":[185],"negative":[187],"generation":[194],"These":[198],"two":[199],"designs":[200],"ensure":[201],"precision":[203],"texture":[205],"details":[206],"when":[207],"transformed":[212],"into":[213],"image,":[216],"use":[218],"correct":[220],"memory":[222],"(CCMB)":[224],"improve":[226],"accuracy":[229],"Towards":[233],"Sar2color":[235,265],"we":[237,280],"have":[238,281],"carried":[239,282],"out":[240,283],"evaluations":[241],"homologous":[244],"heterogeneous":[245],"pairing":[251],"dataset":[252],"SEN1-2.":[253],"experimental":[255],"results":[256,289],"show":[257,290],"that,":[258],"compared":[259],"with":[260],"other":[261],"models,":[264],"achieves":[266],"state-of-the-art":[268],"all":[271],"three":[272],"objective":[273],"one":[275],"subjective":[276],"evaluation":[277],"metrics.":[278],"Furthermore,":[279],"various":[284],"ablation":[285],"experiments,":[286],"effectiveness":[292],"each":[294],"designed":[295],"Sar2color.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
