{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289522630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698","title":"Analysis and Performance Evaluation of BDS-3 Code Ranging Accuracy Based on Raw IF Data from a Zero-Baseline Experiment","display_name":"Analysis and Performance Evaluation of BDS-3 Code Ranging Accuracy Based on Raw IF Data from a Zero-Baseline Experiment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289522630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3698/pdf?version=1659441039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3698/pdf?version=1659441039","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345674","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-0442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044686939","display_name":"Fan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-1307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100708065","display_name":"Junxiang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059013351","display_name":"Yunqiao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-5110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-5110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057126340","display_name":"Baojiao Ning","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baojiao Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602248","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7240-1546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712826","display_name":"Sijia Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6391-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijia Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004135243","display_name":"Yanqing Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-2685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanqing Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044686939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90599114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3698","last_page":"3698"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9026389122009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7662897109985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6477609872817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6027413606643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-frequency","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","score":0.5142838358879089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45491835474967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4523412585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.4253581166267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4204738736152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3710658848285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3041781187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.2507808804512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15277868509292603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9026389122009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7662897109985352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6477609872817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6027413606643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8480308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244948","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","level":3,"score":0.5142838358879089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45491835474967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4523412585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.4253581166267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4204738736152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3710658848285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3041781187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2507808804512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15277868509292603}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3698/pdf?version=1659441039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbf6456415e8467b90d84f950614d2e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbf6456415e8467b90d84f950614d2e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3698 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3698/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153698","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3698/pdf?version=1659441039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6975752349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41704017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7175837277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41604003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328788","display_name":"Polit National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289522630.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289522630.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084471278","https://openalex.org/W2122448109","https://openalex.org/W2168789351","https://openalex.org/W2265774878","https://openalex.org/W2290248783","https://openalex.org/W2369080714","https://openalex.org/W2607422644","https://openalex.org/W2618365799","https://openalex.org/W2775282616","https://openalex.org/W2806256786","https://openalex.org/W2919576603","https://openalex.org/W2920594953","https://openalex.org/W2948580462","https://openalex.org/W2949341289","https://openalex.org/W2989696903","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3017289554","https://openalex.org/W3035466976","https://openalex.org/W3047470666","https://openalex.org/W3115229227","https://openalex.org/W3199472301","https://openalex.org/W3201145768","https://openalex.org/W4280490830","https://openalex.org/W6764058721","https://openalex.org/W7070247307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2376202349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"China\u2019s":[0],"BDS-3":[1],"global":[2],"navigation":[3],"satellite":[4,229,237],"system":[5],"has":[6,178],"been":[7],"built":[8],"and":[9,16,33,50,68,78,106,137,184,196,208,231,266],"is":[10,191,222,251,272,291],"providing":[11],"official":[12],"open":[13],"Positioning,":[14],"Navigation,":[15],"Timing":[17],"(PNT)":[18],"service":[19],"with":[20,44,60,124,167,172],"full":[21],"operational":[22],"capability":[23],"(FOC)":[24],"since":[25],"July":[26],"2020.":[27],"The":[28,146,193,217,244,269],"main":[29],"new":[30,72],"civil":[31,73],"B1C":[32,249],"B2a":[34],"ranging":[35,95,233,245],"code":[36,94,160,263,284],"signals":[37,74,123],"are":[38,142],"broadcasted":[39],"on":[40],"the":[41,71,122,138,159,168,173,179,200,228,232,236,248,283,294],"two":[42,140,165],"carriers":[43],"central":[45,126],"frequencies":[46],"of":[47,128,181,199,247,255,289],"1575.42":[48,129],"MHz":[49,130,134],"1176.45":[51,144],"MHz,":[52],"which":[53,257],"were":[54,118,150,211],"shared":[55],"by":[56,261],"other":[57,139],"GNSSs.":[58],"Compared":[59,171],"traditional":[61,174],"signals,":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64,277],"GPS":[65,209,270],"L1":[66],"C/A":[67],"BDS":[69,204,206],"B1I,":[70],"have":[75],"better":[76,87],"modulation":[77],"wider":[79],"bandwidth":[80],"to":[81,84,92,120,157,213,242,293],"be":[82,259],"expected":[83],"achieve":[85],"a":[86,98,102,107,125,132,153,223,278],"range":[88],"performance.":[89],"In":[90],"order":[91],"evaluate":[93,214],"accuracies":[96],"directly,":[97],"zero-baseline":[99],"experiment":[100],"using":[101,152],"geodetic":[103],"GNSS":[104],"antenna":[105],"four-channel":[108],"intermediate":[109],"frequency":[110,127],"(IF)":[111],"signal":[112,161,250,267,285],"recorder":[113],"was":[114],"conducted.":[115],"Two":[116],"channels":[117,141,166],"used":[119,212,273],"receive":[121],"at":[131],"62":[133],"sampling":[135],"rate,":[136],"for":[143,274],"MHz.":[145],"raw":[147],"IF":[148],"data":[149],"post-processed":[151],"software-defined":[154],"receiver":[155],"(SDR)":[156],"compute":[158],"path":[162,201,286],"differences":[163,202,287],"between":[164,227],"same":[169],"frequencies.":[170],"hardware":[175],"receiver,":[176],"SDR":[177],"characteristics":[180],"flexible":[182],"use":[183],"good":[185],"operability,":[186],"but":[187],"its":[188],"running":[189],"speed":[190],"slow.":[192],"root-mean-square":[194],"(RMS)":[195],"bias":[197],"values":[198],"from":[203,240],"B1C,":[205],"B2a,":[207,256],"L5C":[210,271,290],"their":[215],"accuracies.":[216],"results":[218],"show":[219],"that":[220,254,282],"there":[221],"weak":[224],"negative":[225],"correlation":[226],"elevation":[230,238],"accuracy":[234,246,288],"when":[235],"ranges":[239],"30\u00b0":[241],"90\u00b0.":[243],"lower":[252],"than":[253],"may":[258],"caused":[260],"different":[262],"rates,":[264],"bandwidth,":[265],"structure.":[268],"precision":[275],"analysis":[276],"comparison.":[279],"It":[280],"shows":[281],"close":[292],"B2a.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
