{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289520452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694","title":"Inversion and Driving Force Analysis of Nutrient Concentrations in the Ecosystem of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Bay Area","display_name":"Inversion and Driving Force Analysis of Nutrient Concentrations in the Ecosystem of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Bay Area","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289520452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3694/pdf?version=1659955162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3694/pdf?version=1659955162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068224593","display_name":"Hanyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1439-2474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102832206","display_name":"Guangzong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9231-2047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangzong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuyan Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103553328","display_name":"Hermann Kaufmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Kaufmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880099","display_name":"Guochang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2968-5689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guochang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068224593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9345364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3694","last_page":"3694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7445725202560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bay","display_name":"Bay","score":0.7352261543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.5419027209281921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.48993009328842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47396036982536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.46224308013916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.4167359173297882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient","display_name":"Nutrient","score":0.4160049855709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24276620149612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.21511170268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17750835418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17529666423797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.14042556285858154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7445725202560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115880899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124247","display_name":"Bay","level":2,"score":0.7352261543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.5419027209281921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.48993009328842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47396036982536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.46224308013916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.4167359173297882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.4160049855709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24276620149612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.21511170268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17750835418701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17529666423797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.14042556285858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3694/pdf?version=1659955162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f6e5102b5084a80800a8962ad726fd8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f6e5102b5084a80800a8962ad726fd8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3694 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3694/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3694/pdf?version=1659955162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2302437550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2616308534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515012600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8864745708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289520452.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289520452.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615671193","https://openalex.org/W1174767155","https://openalex.org/W1182953936","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1564719664","https://openalex.org/W1584236903","https://openalex.org/W1964357740","https://openalex.org/W1965287008","https://openalex.org/W1965497563","https://openalex.org/W1970537838","https://openalex.org/W1974527622","https://openalex.org/W1999183681","https://openalex.org/W2004407859","https://openalex.org/W2007342648","https://openalex.org/W2007939589","https://openalex.org/W2015139263","https://openalex.org/W2025597305","https://openalex.org/W2027378862","https://openalex.org/W2027975676","https://openalex.org/W2033275608","https://openalex.org/W2037931255","https://openalex.org/W2042737933","https://openalex.org/W2046551655","https://openalex.org/W2075784822","https://openalex.org/W2079078736","https://openalex.org/W2091189603","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2103643129","https://openalex.org/W2120514850","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2153775046","https://openalex.org/W2168956990","https://openalex.org/W2261645655","https://openalex.org/W2513884524","https://openalex.org/W2619461124","https://openalex.org/W2757850880","https://openalex.org/W2765231639","https://openalex.org/W2793336929","https://openalex.org/W2888489252","https://openalex.org/W2891318841","https://openalex.org/W2920938544","https://openalex.org/W2922780054","https://openalex.org/W2985753927","https://openalex.org/W2995725946","https://openalex.org/W3018952706","https://openalex.org/W3043346127","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3082547702","https://openalex.org/W3087383005","https://openalex.org/W3119881562","https://openalex.org/W3120467213","https://openalex.org/W3121158412","https://openalex.org/W3126827096","https://openalex.org/W3128201290","https://openalex.org/W3166273387","https://openalex.org/W3187173039","https://openalex.org/W3196046594","https://openalex.org/W3197396758","https://openalex.org/W3214274361","https://openalex.org/W4214675223","https://openalex.org/W4214746260","https://openalex.org/W4220955625","https://openalex.org/W4230674625","https://openalex.org/W4250664506","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6809213208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2240559228","https://openalex.org/W1998854056","https://openalex.org/W163493885","https://openalex.org/W2052614979","https://openalex.org/W788627627","https://openalex.org/W2755812209","https://openalex.org/W1584533863","https://openalex.org/W93324281","https://openalex.org/W2391625088","https://openalex.org/W2068131049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"satellite":[1],"remote":[2,33,302],"sensing":[3,34,303],"technology":[4,35],"is":[5,24],"intensively":[6],"used":[7],"for":[8,285,304],"the":[9,14,38,54,66,75,87,116,119,128,142,166,187,190,194,215,233,254,262,286,299,312,317],"monitoring":[10,307],"of":[11,16,41,56,65,90,127,141,144,180,236,241,257,267,288,292,301,308,316],"water":[12,18,44,294,309],"quality,":[13],"inversion":[15,51,287],"coastal":[17,293],"bodies":[19],"and":[20,60,70,107,122,137,139,151,163,176,182,193,205,212,228,238,243,247,259,270,296,311],"non-optically":[21],"active":[22],"parameters":[23,291],"still":[25],"a":[26,221],"challenging":[27],"issue.":[28],"Few":[29],"ongoing":[30],"studies":[31],"use":[32,55],"to":[36,82,203],"analyze":[37],"driving":[39,318],"forces":[40],"changes":[42,256],"in":[43,62,74,186,214,261],"quality":[45,310],"from":[46,80,201],"multiple":[47],"aspects":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"results.":[52,124],"By":[53],"Landsat":[57],"5/8":[58],"imagery":[59],"measured":[61],"situ":[63],"data":[64],"total":[67,71],"nitrogen":[68],"(TN)":[69],"phosphorus":[72],"(TP)":[73],"Shenzhen-Hong":[76],"Kong":[77],"Bay":[78,217],"area":[79],"1986":[81,202],"2020,":[83],"this":[84],"study":[85],"evaluated":[86],"modeling":[88],"effects":[89],"four":[91],"machine":[92,279],"learning":[93,280],"methods":[94],"named":[95],"Tree":[96],"Embedding":[97],"(TE),":[98],"Support":[99],"Vector":[100],"Regression":[101,105],"(SVR),":[102],"Gaussian":[103],"Process":[104],"(GPR),":[106],"Back-propagation":[108],"Neural":[109],"Network":[110],"(BPNN).":[111],"The":[112,125,153,178,210],"results":[113],"show":[114],"that":[115,140,226,252,278],"BPNN":[117],"creates":[118],"most":[120],"reliable":[121],"robust":[123],"values":[126],"obtained":[129],"correlation":[130],"coefficients":[131,143],"(r)":[132],"are":[133,147,159,172,249,282],"0.83,":[134],"0.92,":[135],"0.84,":[136,149],"0.90,":[138],"determination":[145],"(R2)":[146],"0.70,":[148,150],"0.81.":[152],"calculated":[154],"mean":[155,168],"absolute":[156],"errors":[157,170],"(MAEs)":[158],"0.41,":[160],"0.16,":[161],"0.06,":[162],"0.02,":[164],"while":[165],"root":[167],"square":[169],"(RMSEs)":[171],"0.78,":[173],"0.29,":[174],"0.12,":[175],"0.03.":[177],"concentrations":[179],"TN":[181],"TP":[183],"(CTN,":[184],"CTP)":[185],"Shenzhen":[188,263],"Bay,":[189,264],"Starling":[191],"Inlet,":[192],"Tolo":[195],"Harbor":[196],"were":[197,232],"relatively":[198],"high,":[199],"fluctuated":[200],"2010,":[204],"decreased":[206],"significantly":[207],"after":[208],"2010.":[209],"CTN":[211,242,258],"CTP":[213,260],"Mirs":[216],"kept":[218],"continuously":[219],"at":[220],"low":[222],"level.":[223],"We":[224],"found":[225],"urbanization":[227],"polluted":[229],"river":[230],"discharges":[231],"main":[234],"drivers":[235],"spatial":[237],"inter-annual":[239],"differences":[240],"CTP.":[244],"Temperature,":[245],"precipitation,":[246],"wind":[248],"further":[250],"factors":[251],"influenced":[253],"intra-annual":[255],"whilethe":[265],"expansion":[266],"oyster":[268],"rafts":[269],"mangroves":[271],"had":[272],"little":[273],"effect.":[274],"Our":[275],"research":[276],"confirms":[277],"algorithms":[281],"well":[283],"suited":[284],"non-optical":[289],"activity":[290],"bodies,":[295],"also":[297],"shows":[298],"potential":[300],"large-scale,":[305],"long-term":[306],"subsequent":[313],"comprehensive":[314],"analysis":[315],"forces.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}