{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289527429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690","title":"Towards Single-Component and Dual-Component Radar Emitter Signal Intra-Pulse Modulation Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Transformer","display_name":"Towards Single-Component and Dual-Component Radar Emitter Signal Intra-Pulse Modulation Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Transformer","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289527429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3690/pdf?version=1659760782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3690/pdf?version=1659760782","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071297693","display_name":"Shibo Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibo Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726749","display_name":"Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-7389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034076483","display_name":"Bin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100726749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2414,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82836733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3690","last_page":"3690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9323999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7556285262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6890606880187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5523651838302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.49863600730895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4827536940574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4670495092868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45141294598579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.44286638498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36035406589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19344660639762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15062212944030762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14675995707511902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7556285262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6890606880187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5523651838302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.49863600730895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4827536940574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4670495092868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45141294598579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.44286638498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36035406589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19344660639762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15062212944030762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14675995707511902}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3690/pdf?version=1659760782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30d89f1b0fab4e4cb4c41dc0cc1832ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30d89f1b0fab4e4cb4c41dc0cc1832ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3690 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3690/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 15; Pages: 3690","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3690/pdf?version=1659760782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289527429.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289527429.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2117849406","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2462863037","https://openalex.org/W2767060475","https://openalex.org/W2781731889","https://openalex.org/W2943838215","https://openalex.org/W2944944953","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W3087793295","https://openalex.org/W3095341217","https://openalex.org/W3130333869","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3148401945","https://openalex.org/W3185900221","https://openalex.org/W3190182606","https://openalex.org/W3203126653","https://openalex.org/W3207506706","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6762718338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W1533252844","https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W4247116873","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W1182702830","https://openalex.org/W2000005233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34],"the":[1,5,18,30,38,42,52,76,87,91,102,113,143,172],"modern":[2],"electromagnetic":[3],"environment,":[4],"intra-pulse":[6,49,169],"modulations":[7],"of":[8,55,115,162,167],"radar":[9,20,23,32,39,118],"emitter":[10],"signals":[11,24,119],"have":[12,25,41],"become":[13],"more":[14],"complex.":[15],"Except":[16],"for":[17],"single-component":[19,46],"signals,":[21],"dual-component":[22,48,168],"been":[26],"widely":[27],"used":[28,133],"in":[29,58,158],"current":[31],"systems.":[33],"order":[35],"to":[36,44,86,96,111,134],"make":[37],"system":[40],"ability":[43],"classify":[45],"and":[47,73,130,150,164,175],"modulation":[50],"at":[51],"same":[53,88],"period":[54],"time":[56],"accurately,":[57],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"a":[63,69,121,126],"multi-label":[64,136],"learning":[65],"method":[66,145],"based":[67],"on":[68],"convolutional":[70,127],"neural":[71,128],"network":[72,129],"transformer.":[74],"Firstly,":[75],"original":[77],"single":[78,163],"channel":[79],"sampled":[80],"sequences":[81,93,98],"are":[82,94,178],"padded":[83,92],"with":[84],"zeros":[85],"length.":[89],"Then":[90],"converted":[95],"frequency-domain":[97],"that":[99,142],"only":[100],"contain":[101],"amplitude":[103],"information.":[104],"After":[105,117],"that,":[106],"data":[107],"normalization":[108],"is":[109,132],"employed":[110],"decrease":[112],"influence":[114],"amplitude.":[116],"preprocessing,":[120],"designed":[122],"model":[123],"which":[124],"combines":[125],"transformer":[131],"accomplish":[135],"classification.":[137],"The":[138],"extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"indicate":[141],"proposed":[144],"consumes":[146],"lower":[147],"computation":[148],"resources":[149],"has":[151],"higher":[152],"accuracy":[153,174,177],"than":[154],"other":[155],"baseline":[156],"methods":[157],"classifying":[159],"eight":[160],"types":[161,166],"thirty-six":[165],"modulation,":[170],"where":[171],"overall":[173],"weighted":[176],"beyond":[179],"90%.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}