{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289205744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654","title":"High-Precision Population Spatialization in Metropolises Based on Ensemble Learning: A Case Study of Beijing, China","display_name":"High-Precision Population Spatialization in Metropolises Based on Ensemble Learning: A Case Study of Beijing, China","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289205744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3654/pdf?version=1659665702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3654/pdf?version=1659665702","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011426856","display_name":"Wenxuan Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-2002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxuan Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081117217","display_name":"Adu Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-2893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adu Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594462","display_name":"Yiran Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6799-8730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075567512","display_name":"Shuaiqiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-9583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiqiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079248145","display_name":"Wanru Ba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanru Ba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461966","display_name":"Yuan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-1063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081117217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.3728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88571694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3654","last_page":"3654"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatialization","display_name":"Spatialization","score":0.8759332895278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5691918730735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5436872243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5279763340950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.44489142298698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3949618935585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.39194995164871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3318105936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32768261432647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.30986636877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.11246973276138306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777031145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4430987","display_name":"Spatialization","level":2,"score":0.8759332895278931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5691918730735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5436872243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5279763340950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.44489142298698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3949618935585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.39194995164871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3318105936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32768261432647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30986636877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.11246973276138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3654/pdf?version=1659665702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bcf75480a8834c69ba95a832855093e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bcf75480a8834c69ba95a832855093e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3654 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3654/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 15; Pages: 3654","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3654/pdf?version=1659665702","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4773783326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFE0127700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4971094541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFE01277002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289205744.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289205744.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W962409236","https://openalex.org/W1645816215","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1875061881","https://openalex.org/W1969727573","https://openalex.org/W1981362166","https://openalex.org/W1981966150","https://openalex.org/W1984246997","https://openalex.org/W1987230720","https://openalex.org/W1987767032","https://openalex.org/W1989308683","https://openalex.org/W1990732300","https://openalex.org/W1991692910","https://openalex.org/W2002339444","https://openalex.org/W2004126227","https://openalex.org/W2006561424","https://openalex.org/W2009760306","https://openalex.org/W2012997843","https://openalex.org/W2016943428","https://openalex.org/W2023693832","https://openalex.org/W2052897258","https://openalex.org/W2057442840","https://openalex.org/W2059195846","https://openalex.org/W2068637695","https://openalex.org/W2069624290","https://openalex.org/W2087906844","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2098833441","https://openalex.org/W2102614609","https://openalex.org/W2112620321","https://openalex.org/W2137226992","https://openalex.org/W2144314902","https://openalex.org/W2161731329","https://openalex.org/W2192083704","https://openalex.org/W2202958134","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296325723","https://openalex.org/W2301476730","https://openalex.org/W2514601790","https://openalex.org/W2531834796","https://openalex.org/W2534538876","https://openalex.org/W2549122226","https://openalex.org/W2572257651","https://openalex.org/W2586749094","https://openalex.org/W2587077193","https://openalex.org/W2613571842","https://openalex.org/W2708165930","https://openalex.org/W2727038893","https://openalex.org/W2766517162","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2793186584","https://openalex.org/W2795209281","https://openalex.org/W2801550037","https://openalex.org/W2809961618","https://openalex.org/W2886229868","https://openalex.org/W2896720195","https://openalex.org/W2905333671","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919234612","https://openalex.org/W2922103469","https://openalex.org/W2926425062","https://openalex.org/W2943905784","https://openalex.org/W2947969980","https://openalex.org/W2979950223","https://openalex.org/W2981347528","https://openalex.org/W2989326941","https://openalex.org/W2990650678","https://openalex.org/W2998129996","https://openalex.org/W3008506501","https://openalex.org/W3010761711","https://openalex.org/W3011097698","https://openalex.org/W3014221545","https://openalex.org/W3020001547","https://openalex.org/W3028293928","https://openalex.org/W3028321228","https://openalex.org/W3032752459","https://openalex.org/W3032953096","https://openalex.org/W3035669489","https://openalex.org/W3041128819","https://openalex.org/W3090616050","https://openalex.org/W3093136453","https://openalex.org/W3095301045","https://openalex.org/W3095729712","https://openalex.org/W3095966672","https://openalex.org/W3097376994","https://openalex.org/W3113043360","https://openalex.org/W3116066063","https://openalex.org/W3118477051","https://openalex.org/W3135054660","https://openalex.org/W3158799256","https://openalex.org/W3165531278","https://openalex.org/W3169763920","https://openalex.org/W3179323839","https://openalex.org/W3208006390","https://openalex.org/W4200004275","https://openalex.org/W4200290140","https://openalex.org/W4205464861","https://openalex.org/W4206001019","https://openalex.org/W4214924184","https://openalex.org/W4221011708","https://openalex.org/W4226441847","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6680532697","https://openalex.org/W6683956367","https://openalex.org/W6732819704","https://openalex.org/W6761993271","https://openalex.org/W6775580898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914180156","https://openalex.org/W1569041127","https://openalex.org/W2394754938","https://openalex.org/W1540984014","https://openalex.org/W2380862391","https://openalex.org/W2004572838","https://openalex.org/W2363300787","https://openalex.org/W3012455421","https://openalex.org/W2364438452","https://openalex.org/W55177745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"spatial":[1,50,126,167,212,265,296,305],"population":[2,39,73,109,160,177,269,280,309,352],"distribution":[3,51,127,213,266,297],"information,":[4],"especially":[5],"for":[6,46,169,336,350],"metropolises,":[7],"is":[8,13,32,55,180,232],"of":[9,52,63,71,123,148,267,273,307],"significant":[10],"value":[11],"and":[12,26,68,95,141,228,270,298,325,338],"fundamental":[14],"to":[15,59,105,151,155,250,302,318,321],"many":[16],"application":[17],"areas":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"public":[21],"health,":[22],"urban":[23],"development":[24],"planning":[25],"disaster":[27],"assessment":[28],"management.":[29],"Random":[30],"forest":[31,66,247],"the":[33,49,60,64,69,72,121,124,153,174,183,187,198,205,210,237,245,251,264,268,271,278,285,294,304,312,316],"most":[34],"widely":[35],"used":[36,301],"model":[37,45,67,111,154,207,287,314],"in":[38,171,197,262,329,332],"spatialization":[40,74,110,353],"studies.":[41],"However,":[42],"a":[43,107,146,157,164,255],"reliable":[44],"accurately":[47],"mapping":[48],"metropolitan":[53,308],"populations":[54],"still":[56,345],"lacking":[57],"due":[58],"inherent":[61],"limitations":[62],"random":[65,246],"complexity":[70],"problem.":[75],"In":[76,276],"this":[77],"study,":[78],"we":[79,112],"integrate":[80,116],"gradient":[81,87,91],"boosting":[82,88,92],"decision":[83],"tree":[84],"(GBDT),":[85],"extreme":[86],"(XGBoost),":[89],"light":[90],"machine":[93],"(LightGBM)":[94],"support":[96],"vector":[97],"regression":[98],"(SVR)":[99],"through":[100],"ensemble":[101],"learning":[102],"algorithm":[103],"stacking":[104],"construct":[106],"novel":[108],"name":[113],"GXLS-Stacking.":[114],"We":[115],"socioeconomic":[117,257],"data":[118,133,144,150,191],"that":[119,204],"enhance":[120],"characterization":[122],"population\u2019s":[125,211,295],"(e.g.,":[128],"point-of-interest":[129],"data,":[130,139,327],"building":[131],"outline":[132],"with":[134,145,163,214,323],"height,":[135],"artificial":[136],"impervious":[137],"surface":[138],"etc.)":[140],"natural":[142,252],"environmental":[143,253],"combination":[147],"census":[149],"train":[152],"generate":[156],"high-precision":[158],"gridded":[159,176,279],"density":[161,178,281],"map":[162,179,282],"100":[165],"m":[166],"resolution":[168,189],"Beijing":[170],"2020.":[172],"Finally,":[173],"generated":[175],"validated":[181],"at":[182],"pixel":[184],"level":[185],"using":[186],"highest":[188],"validation":[190],"(i.e.,":[192],"community":[193],"household":[194],"registration":[195],"data)":[196],"current":[199],"study.":[200],"The":[201],"results":[202],"show":[203],"GXLS-Stacking":[206,286,313],"can":[208,288,299,344],"predict":[209],"high":[215],"precision":[216],"(R2":[217],"=":[218,221,225],"0.8004,":[219],"MAE":[220],"34.67":[222],"persons/hectare,":[223],"RMSE":[224],"54.92":[226],"persons/hectare),":[227],"its":[229],"overall":[230],"performance":[231],"not":[233],"only":[234],"better":[235,243],"than":[236,244],"four":[238],"individual":[239],"models":[240],"but":[241],"also":[242],"model.":[248],"Compared":[249],"features,":[254],"city\u2019s":[256],"features":[258],"are":[259],"more":[260],"capable":[261],"characterizing":[263],"intensity":[272],"human":[274],"activities.":[275],"addition,":[277],"obtained":[283],"by":[284],"provide":[289,346],"highly":[290],"accurate":[291],"information":[292],"on":[293],"be":[300,319],"analyze":[303],"patterns":[306],"density.":[310],"Moreover,":[311],"has":[315],"ability":[317],"generalized":[320],"metropolises":[322],"comprehensive":[324],"high-quality":[326],"whether":[328],"China":[330],"or":[331],"other":[333],"countries.":[334],"Furthermore,":[335],"small":[337],"medium-sized":[339],"cities,":[340],"our":[341],"modeling":[342],"process":[343],"an":[347],"effective":[348],"reference":[349],"their":[351],"methods.":[354]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2022-08-01T00:00:00"}
