{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288081101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600","title":"A New Method of Rainfall Detection from the Collected X-Band Marine Radar Images","display_name":"A New Method of Rainfall Detection from the Collected X-Band Marine Radar Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288081101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3600/pdf?version=1659588802","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3600/pdf?version=1659588802","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007278408","display_name":"Yanbo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-2314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117164","display_name":"Luoyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/029man787","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-2314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677482","display_name":"Yalin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4441-8954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152160","display_name":"Zhengzhou Railway Vocational & Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04zs83x19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, No. 56 Pengcheng Avenue, Zhengzhou 451460, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, No. 56 Pengcheng Avenue, Zhengzhou 451460, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102855082","display_name":"Yifei Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9615-665X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117164","display_name":"Luoyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/029man787","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031298673","display_name":"Ruiyao Lian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117164","display_name":"Luoyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/029man787","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiyao Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal University, No. 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015628923","display_name":"Zhizhong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-9093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-9093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059717879","display_name":"Lei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8647-5776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8647-5776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, No. 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015628923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.298,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77871555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3600","last_page":"3600"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.6931813359260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6638785600662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5666282176971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5657572746276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5640220046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4900423288345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.48338761925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4334312677383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3203223943710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28118079900741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.06764820218086243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.6931813359260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6638785600662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5666282176971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5657572746276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5640220046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4900423288345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48338761925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4334312677383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3203223943710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28118079900741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.06764820218086243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3600/pdf?version=1659588802","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:72ba0d9b38874a128317d096d2b50ba3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/72ba0d9b38874a128317d096d2b50ba3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3600 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3600/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153600","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3600/pdf?version=1659588802","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8370905002","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"212102210272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288081101.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288081101.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511187889","https://openalex.org/W1949386550","https://openalex.org/W2027282652","https://openalex.org/W2054261558","https://openalex.org/W2064883310","https://openalex.org/W2065454702","https://openalex.org/W2081500347","https://openalex.org/W2094842984","https://openalex.org/W2097962304","https://openalex.org/W2125038474","https://openalex.org/W2126528522","https://openalex.org/W2136023023","https://openalex.org/W2144552105","https://openalex.org/W2155628500","https://openalex.org/W2303833707","https://openalex.org/W2326296565","https://openalex.org/W2493516119","https://openalex.org/W2554635809","https://openalex.org/W2563915952","https://openalex.org/W2588262451","https://openalex.org/W2591107842","https://openalex.org/W2749823208","https://openalex.org/W2750800136","https://openalex.org/W2768106960","https://openalex.org/W2774732543","https://openalex.org/W2883691056","https://openalex.org/W2948269043","https://openalex.org/W2973931619","https://openalex.org/W2999742312","https://openalex.org/W3000760319","https://openalex.org/W3008978047","https://openalex.org/W3020120837","https://openalex.org/W3081660323","https://openalex.org/W3112907130","https://openalex.org/W3121936422","https://openalex.org/W3128733368","https://openalex.org/W3147702910","https://openalex.org/W3157371163","https://openalex.org/W3158898378","https://openalex.org/W3162473923","https://openalex.org/W4212905977","https://openalex.org/W6640742340","https://openalex.org/W6794814125","https://openalex.org/W6808361528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2104657898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"control":[1],"the":[2,14,17,32,35,39,44,55,62,77,80,85,89,93,101,118,123,127,138,156,159,166,171,177,184,190,195,200,206,218,221],"quality":[3],"of":[4,134,158,202,220],"X-band":[5,140,148],"marine":[6,23,86,141,149],"radar":[7,24,41,46,87,142,150],"images":[8,25,143,151],"for":[9,217],"retrieving":[10],"information":[11],"and":[12,43,67,84,126,183,205,214],"improve":[13],"inversion":[15],"accuracy,":[16],"research":[18],"on":[19,122],"rainfall":[20,135,161,203],"detection":[21,136,162,207],"from":[22,137],"is":[26,48,65,72,114,144],"investigated":[27],"in":[28,34,61,92],"this":[29],"paper.":[30],"Currently,":[31],"difference":[33,78,174,187],"correlation":[36,56,82,90,102,172],"characteristic":[37,83],"between":[38,79],"rain-contaminated":[40],"image":[42,47],"rain-free":[45],"utilized":[49,153],"to":[50,99,116,154],"detect":[51],"rainfall.":[52],"However,":[53],"only":[54],"coefficient":[57,91,103,173],"at":[58],"a":[59,68,131],"position":[60],"lagged":[63,94],"azimuth":[64,95],"utilized,":[66],"statistical":[69],"hard":[70],"threshold":[71],"adopted.":[73],"By":[74],"deeply":[75],"investigating":[76],"calculated":[81],"images,":[88],"can":[96],"be":[97],"used":[98,115],"constitute":[100],"feature":[104],"vector":[105,179],"(CCFV).":[106],"Then,":[107],"an":[108],"unsupervised":[109],"K-means":[110,128],"clustering":[111,119,129],"learning":[112],"method":[113,133,182,197],"obtain":[117],"centers.":[120],"Based":[121],"constituted":[124],"CCFV":[125],"algorithm,":[130],"new":[132],"collected":[139],"proposed.":[145],"The":[146],"acquired":[147],"are":[152],"verify":[155],"effectiveness":[157],"proposed":[160,196],"method.":[163],"Compared":[164],"with":[165],"zero-pixel":[167],"percentage":[168],"(ZPP)":[169],"method,":[170,176,189],"(CCD)":[175],"support":[178],"machine":[180],"(SVM)":[181],"wave":[185],"texture":[186],"(WTD)":[188],"experimental":[191],"results":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"that":[194],"could":[198],"finish":[199],"task":[201],"detection,":[204],"accuracy":[208],"increases":[209],"by":[210],"10.0%,":[211],"6.3%,":[212],"2.0%":[213],"0.6%,":[215],"respectively,":[216],"proportion":[219],"25%":[222],"training":[223],"dataset.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
