{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287148124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547","title":"Ensemble Machine Learning of Random Forest, AdaBoost and XGBoost for Vertical Total Electron Content Forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble Machine Learning of Random Forest, AdaBoost and XGBoost for Vertical Total Electron Content Forecasting","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287148124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3547/pdf?version=1659598774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3547/pdf?version=1659598774","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020756386","display_name":"Randa Natra\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-7570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Randa Natras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-7570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046082471","display_name":"Benedikt Soja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Soja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073173295","display_name":"Michael Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-7935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020756386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1541,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1661},"fwci":23.201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":158,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99921014,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"15","first_page":"3547","last_page":"3547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6842644214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.6265100836753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.60566645860672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.5817350149154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5476613640785217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5423098802566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-weather","display_name":"Space weather","score":0.47010916471481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4563305079936981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.45402461290359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.43806692957878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43233722448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39730316400527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3581840395927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3157281279563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.22435569763183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.19448521733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13141021132469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.12875807285308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09696424007415771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6842644214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6265100836753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.60566645860672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.5817350149154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5476613640785217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5423098802566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151325931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584093","display_name":"Space weather","level":2,"score":0.47010916471481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4563305079936981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.45402461290359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.43806692957878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43233722448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39730316400527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3581840395927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3157281279563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.22435569763183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.19448521733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13141021132469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.12875807285308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09696424007415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3547/pdf?version=1659598774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b1d66b1e38f4befacd3e017fa2ef172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b1d66b1e38f4befacd3e017fa2ef172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 15, p 3547 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/15/3547/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 15; Pages: 3547","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1685023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1685023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1686749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1686749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/565788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/565788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 14 (15)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000565788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000565788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14153547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3547/pdf?version=1659598774","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310992","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335584","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam - Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287148124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4287148124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545415609","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1974107091","https://openalex.org/W1981552604","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1998820031","https://openalex.org/W2009772318","https://openalex.org/W2012232666","https://openalex.org/W2038705244","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2242783385","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2770194917","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2800973110","https://openalex.org/W2805795343","https://openalex.org/W2889588396","https://openalex.org/W2900523324","https://openalex.org/W2911430976","https://openalex.org/W2911466664","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2918568355","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2942137712","https://openalex.org/W2947309646","https://openalex.org/W3009289413","https://openalex.org/W3009399157","https://openalex.org/W3013592816","https://openalex.org/W3025313534","https://openalex.org/W3047542838","https://openalex.org/W3104446864","https://openalex.org/W3104887532","https://openalex.org/W3112737963","https://openalex.org/W3113874821","https://openalex.org/W3120274775","https://openalex.org/W3129601510","https://openalex.org/W3138125819","https://openalex.org/W3145491624","https://openalex.org/W3202219076","https://openalex.org/W3202699687","https://openalex.org/W3213736667","https://openalex.org/W4200508852","https://openalex.org/W4206028268","https://openalex.org/W4206084455","https://openalex.org/W4220771196","https://openalex.org/W4238084594","https://openalex.org/W4284681561","https://openalex.org/W4366960361","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382315444","https://openalex.org/W4233259193","https://openalex.org/W2600353413","https://openalex.org/W4390916549","https://openalex.org/W2915435096","https://openalex.org/W4381298925","https://openalex.org/W2794896638","https://openalex.org/W4285213578","https://openalex.org/W2097856925","https://openalex.org/W1997565450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space":[0],"weather":[1,59,219],"describes":[2],"varying":[3],"conditions":[4],"between":[5],"the":[6,39,46,71,82,127,133,140,149,165,171,177,181,195,215],"Sun":[7],"and":[8,25,30,61,67,76,95,104,124,157,180,203],"Earth":[9],"that":[10,148],"can":[11,35],"degrade":[12],"Global":[13],"Navigation":[14],"Satellite":[15],"Systems":[16],"(GNSS)":[17],"operations.":[18],"Thus,":[19],"these":[20],"effects":[21],"should":[22],"be":[23,36],"precisely":[24],"timely":[26],"corrected":[27],"for":[28,64,73],"accurate":[29],"reliable":[31],"GNSS":[32],"applications.":[33],"That":[34],"modeled":[37],"with":[38,126,198],"Vertical":[40],"Total":[41],"Electron":[42],"Content":[43],"(VTEC)":[44],"in":[45,70,154],"Earth\u2019s":[47],"ionosphere.":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"investigates":[51],"different":[52,190],"learning":[53,90,97,163,216],"algorithms":[54,91],"to":[55,139],"approximate":[56],"nonlinear":[57],"space":[58,218],"processes":[60],"forecast":[62,142,225],"VTEC":[63,85,141],"1":[65],"h":[66,69],"24":[68],"future":[72],"low-,":[74],"mid-":[75],"high-latitude":[77],"ionospheric":[78],"grid":[79],"points":[80],"along":[81],"same":[83],"longitude.":[84],"models":[86,111,151],"are":[87,112],"developed":[88,150],"using":[89],"of":[92,98,136,217],"Decision":[93,167],"Tree":[94],"ensemble":[96,110,162],"Random":[99],"Forest,":[100],"Adaptive":[101],"Boosting":[102,107],"(AdaBoost),":[103],"eXtreme":[105],"Gradient":[106],"(XGBoost).":[108],"Furthermore,":[109,193],"combined":[113],"into":[114],"a":[115,223],"single":[116,166],"meta-model":[117],"Voting":[118,173],"Regressor.":[119],"Models":[120],"were":[121],"trained,":[122],"optimized,":[123],"validated":[125],"time":[128,199],"series":[129],"cross-validation":[130],"technique.":[131],"Moreover,":[132],"relative":[134],"importance":[135],"input":[137,196],"variables":[138],"is":[143],"estimated.":[144],"The":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"perform":[152],"well":[153,207],"both":[155],"quiet":[156],"storm":[158],"conditions,":[159],"where":[160],"multi-tree":[161],"outperforms":[164],"Tree.":[168],"In":[169],"particular,":[170],"meta-estimator":[172],"Regressor":[174],"provides":[175],"mostly":[176],"lowest":[178],"RMSE":[179],"highest":[182],"correlation":[183],"coefficients":[184],"as":[185,206,208,212],"it":[186],"averages":[187],"predictions":[188],"from":[189],"well-performing":[191],"models.":[192],"expanding":[194],"dataset":[197],"derivatives,":[200],"moving":[201],"averages,":[202],"daily":[204],"differences,":[205],"modifying":[209],"data,":[210],"such":[211],"differencing,":[213],"enhances":[214],"features,":[220],"especially":[221],"over":[222],"longer":[224],"horizon.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2022-07-25T00:00:00"}
