{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286208882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480","title":"Cross-Comparison of Individual Tree Detection Methods Using Low and High Pulse Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data","display_name":"Cross-Comparison of Individual Tree Detection Methods Using Low and High Pulse Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286208882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3480/pdf?version=1658321071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3480/pdf?version=1658321071","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004475652","display_name":"Aaron M. Sparks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-3770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aaron M. Sparks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022822114","display_name":"Mark V. Corrao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0400-0716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark V. Corrao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007457579","display_name":"Alistair M. S. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair M. S. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004475652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86237693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"14","first_page":"3480","last_page":"3480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.6131686568260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.5910500884056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.5268130302429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4788267910480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45267486572265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.436184823513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.43127867579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2396754026412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.17927038669586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15006130933761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1213333010673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12130537629127502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.6131686568260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5910500884056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.5268130302429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4788267910480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45267486572265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.436184823513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.43127867579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2396754026412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.17927038669586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15006130933761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1213333010673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12130537629127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3480/pdf?version=1658321071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e0d984fc4c347e6a81e5897b34d8e6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e0d984fc4c347e6a81e5897b34d8e6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 14, p 3480 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/14/3480/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 14; Pages: 3480","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143480","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3480/pdf?version=1658321071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1316672606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IDAZ-ES-0609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492020934","https://openalex.org/W1797672601","https://openalex.org/W1969866530","https://openalex.org/W1987064464","https://openalex.org/W1994585903","https://openalex.org/W2009731464","https://openalex.org/W2024530673","https://openalex.org/W2033752926","https://openalex.org/W2045626198","https://openalex.org/W2062107698","https://openalex.org/W2065030504","https://openalex.org/W2082012651","https://openalex.org/W2087573166","https://openalex.org/W2098084344","https://openalex.org/W2100165672","https://openalex.org/W2121748258","https://openalex.org/W2122920344","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2133237420","https://openalex.org/W2144192712","https://openalex.org/W2144587562","https://openalex.org/W2147243569","https://openalex.org/W2155714399","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2165044919","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2165304745","https://openalex.org/W2281655291","https://openalex.org/W2313448762","https://openalex.org/W2332357408","https://openalex.org/W2342299051","https://openalex.org/W2425812835","https://openalex.org/W2473991816","https://openalex.org/W2482464033","https://openalex.org/W2519357459","https://openalex.org/W2520827770","https://openalex.org/W2541777388","https://openalex.org/W2581002780","https://openalex.org/W2586143207","https://openalex.org/W2586340278","https://openalex.org/W2589531503","https://openalex.org/W2590058928","https://openalex.org/W2752278344","https://openalex.org/W2800140988","https://openalex.org/W2810813638","https://openalex.org/W2891091873","https://openalex.org/W2895808503","https://openalex.org/W2914843044","https://openalex.org/W2946587022","https://openalex.org/W2947507624","https://openalex.org/W2992737141","https://openalex.org/W3007185520","https://openalex.org/W3023383448","https://openalex.org/W3024784255","https://openalex.org/W3080412126","https://openalex.org/W3088507381","https://openalex.org/W3093252501","https://openalex.org/W3136423507","https://openalex.org/W3181415863","https://openalex.org/W3184487972","https://openalex.org/W3184969998","https://openalex.org/W4200050379","https://openalex.org/W4212804122","https://openalex.org/W4220997359","https://openalex.org/W4229032470","https://openalex.org/W4281615279","https://openalex.org/W6602417957","https://openalex.org/W6678293961","https://openalex.org/W6750532569","https://openalex.org/W6753041831","https://openalex.org/W6755701423","https://openalex.org/W6759294530","https://openalex.org/W6798447216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W4399030596","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4293059742","https://openalex.org/W2082802685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"individual":[1],"tree":[2],"detection":[3],"(ITD)":[4],"methods":[5,101,166,173,201,263],"have":[6,34],"been":[7,35],"developed":[8],"for":[9,213,267],"use":[10],"with":[11,69,83,121,142,183,291],"airborne":[12],"laser":[13],"scanning":[14],"(ALS)":[15],"data":[16,153],"to":[17,74,247],"provide":[18],"tree-scale":[19],"forest":[20,42,67],"inventories":[21],"across":[22,65,215],"large":[23,222],"spatial":[24],"extents.":[25],"Despite":[26],"the":[27,99,103,165,193,209,230,251,258,268,282],"growing":[28],"number":[29],"of":[30,124,145,160,164,176,189,255],"methods,":[31,57],"relatively":[32],"few":[33],"comparatively":[36],"assessed":[37,54],"using":[38,114,135],"a":[39,115,136],"single":[40],"benchmark":[41],"inventory":[43],"validation":[44],"dataset,":[45],"limiting":[46],"their":[47],"operational":[48],"application.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,285],"study,":[52],"we":[53],"seven":[55],"ITD":[56,77,100,156,219,262,292,298],"representing":[58],"three":[59],"common":[60],"approaches":[61],"(point-cloud-based,":[62],"raster-based,":[63],"hybrid),":[64],"coniferous":[66],"stands":[68],"diverse":[70],"structure":[71],"and":[72,78,87,89,106,131,186,242,277,295],"composition":[73],"understand":[75],"how":[76],"height":[79,198,265],"measurement":[80],"accuracy":[81,97,220],"vary":[82],"method,":[84],"input":[85,227],"parameters":[86,236],"data,":[88],"stand":[90,184],"density.":[91],"There":[92],"was":[93],"little":[94],"variability":[95],"in":[96,162,171,257],"between":[98],"where":[102],"average":[104,123,144,252],"F-score":[105],"standard":[107],"deviation":[108],"(\u00b1SD)":[109],"were":[110,180,233,245],"0.47":[111],"\u00b1":[112,133],"0.03":[113],"lower":[116],"pulse":[117,138,151],"density":[118,139,152,185],"ALS":[119,140,150],"dataset":[120,141],"an":[122,143],"8":[125],"pulses":[126],"per":[127],"square":[128],"meter":[129],"(ppm2)":[130],"0.50":[132],"0.02":[134],"higher":[137,149,155],"22":[146],"ppm2.":[147],"Using":[148],"produced":[154,264],"accuracies":[157,232],"(F-score":[158,174],"increase":[159,175],"10\u201313%)":[161],"some":[163],"versus":[167],"more":[168],"modest":[169],"gains":[170],"other":[172],"1\u20133%).":[177],"Omission":[178],"errors":[179,212],"strongly":[181],"related":[182],"largely":[187],"consisted":[188],"suppressed":[190],"trees":[191,214,256,270],"underneath":[192],"dominant":[194],"canopy.":[195],"Simple":[196],"canopy":[197,217],"model":[199],"(CHM)-based":[200],"that":[202,271],"utilized":[203],"fixed-size":[204],"local":[205],"maximum":[206],"filters":[207],"had":[208,221,272],"lowest":[210],"omission":[211],"all":[216],"positions.":[218],"intra-method":[223],"variation":[224],"depending":[225],"on":[226],"parameters;":[228],"however,":[229],"highest":[231],"obtained":[234],"when":[235],"such":[237],"as":[238],"search":[239],"window":[240],"size":[241],"spacing":[243],"thresholds":[244],"equal":[246],"or":[248],"less":[249],"than":[250],"crown":[253],"diameter":[254],"study":[259,286],"area.":[260],"All":[261],"measurements":[266],"detected":[269],"low":[273],"RMSE":[274],"(<1.1":[275],"m)":[276],"bias":[278],"(<0.5":[279],"m).":[280],"Overall,":[281],"results":[283],"from":[284],"may":[287],"help":[288],"guide":[289],"end-users":[290],"method":[293,299],"application":[294],"highlight":[296],"future":[297],"improvements.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}