{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286208743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477","title":"Modeling Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Use/Land Cover Change in Central Malawi Using a Neural Network Model","display_name":"Modeling Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Use/Land Cover Change in Central Malawi Using a Neural Network Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286208743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3477/pdf?version=1658311409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3477/pdf?version=1658311409","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047383490","display_name":"Leah M. Mungai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-3842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leah M. Mungai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35405, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042531270","display_name":"Joseph P. Messina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1978-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph P. Messina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35405, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048290169","display_name":"Leo C. Zulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7123-4918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo C. Zulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091503925","display_name":"Jiaguo Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8183-0297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaguo Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036002685","display_name":"Sieglinde S. Snapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21740220","display_name":"Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Ma\u00edz Y Trigo","ror":"https://ror.org/03gvhpa76","country_code":"MX","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I21740220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["MX","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sieglinde Snapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera M\u00e9xico-Veracruz Km. 45, El Bat\u00e1n, Texcoco C.P. 56237, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera M\u00e9xico-Veracruz Km. 45, El Bat\u00e1n, Texcoco C.P. 56237, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21740220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047383490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.9376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91432988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"14","first_page":"3477","last_page":"3477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6475764513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/woodland","display_name":"Woodland","score":0.6280128955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.6219701766967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.5223323106765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4962213635444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4558064937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-land-use-change-and-forestry","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","score":0.4509359300136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.44224128127098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-management","display_name":"Land management","score":0.41132932901382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4077073633670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.4021188020706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.3973783254623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37227320671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.16380226612091064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6475764513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203174812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241565","display_name":"Woodland","level":2,"score":0.6280128955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.6219701766967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.5223323106765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4962213635444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4558064937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122690726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","level":3,"score":0.4509359300136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.44224128127098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559400886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001056","display_name":"Land management","level":3,"score":0.41132932901382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4077073633670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4021188020706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3973783254623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37227320671081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16380226612091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3477/pdf?version=1658311409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d94667ca8c854bb2bcb84b7a6a9e744d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d94667ca8c854bb2bcb84b7a6a9e744d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 14, p 3477 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/14/3477/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 14; Pages: 3477","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143477","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3477/pdf?version=1658311409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5692208871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AID-OAA-L-14-00006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","funder_display_name":"United States Agency for International Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310016","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332431","display_name":"College of Engineering, Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208743.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286208743.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W240169760","https://openalex.org/W277248814","https://openalex.org/W1824683756","https://openalex.org/W1918144366","https://openalex.org/W1983668540","https://openalex.org/W1995025916","https://openalex.org/W1996159360","https://openalex.org/W2008633810","https://openalex.org/W2051512952","https://openalex.org/W2057424318","https://openalex.org/W2058882978","https://openalex.org/W2080849056","https://openalex.org/W2091134394","https://openalex.org/W2104896032","https://openalex.org/W2106693625","https://openalex.org/W2117134808","https://openalex.org/W2120000166","https://openalex.org/W2131022626","https://openalex.org/W2137696479","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2163312000","https://openalex.org/W2170186417","https://openalex.org/W2172009270","https://openalex.org/W2314855227","https://openalex.org/W2325704522","https://openalex.org/W2556565539","https://openalex.org/W2589936509","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2768346106","https://openalex.org/W2778160159","https://openalex.org/W2788866768","https://openalex.org/W2793095087","https://openalex.org/W2801851553","https://openalex.org/W2883476937","https://openalex.org/W2899535743","https://openalex.org/W2900334681","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912321488","https://openalex.org/W2972170785","https://openalex.org/W2978261958","https://openalex.org/W2984006948","https://openalex.org/W2989015665","https://openalex.org/W2999399872","https://openalex.org/W3040377094","https://openalex.org/W3094632628","https://openalex.org/W3105174717","https://openalex.org/W3141324578","https://openalex.org/W3175001099","https://openalex.org/W3196108668","https://openalex.org/W3212456483","https://openalex.org/W4210751056","https://openalex.org/W4280566846","https://openalex.org/W6610095792","https://openalex.org/W6694916542","https://openalex.org/W6748883424","https://openalex.org/W6769244007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W597661690","https://openalex.org/W2069660107","https://openalex.org/W3025445785","https://openalex.org/W2386394999","https://openalex.org/W4320480824","https://openalex.org/W2351845884","https://openalex.org/W2389944846","https://openalex.org/W1991925739","https://openalex.org/W4229819471","https://openalex.org/W2382078377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,23],"examine":[1,91],"Land":[2,4],"Use":[3],"Cover":[5],"Change":[6],"(LULCC)":[7],"in":[8,47,151,162],"the":[9,96,115,163],"Dedza":[10,119],"and":[11,17,20,33,38,45,56,62,80,104,108,154],"Ntcheu":[12,134],"districts":[13],"of":[14,124],"Central":[15],"Malawi":[16],"model":[18],"anthropogenic":[19],"environmental":[21],"drivers.":[22],"present":[24],"an":[25],"integrative":[26],"approach":[27],"to":[28,35,60,90,113,128,131,136],"understanding":[29],"heterogenous":[30],"landscape":[31,116],"interactions":[32],"short-":[34],"long-term":[36],"shocks":[37],"how":[39],"they":[40],"inform":[41],"future":[42,125,142],"land":[43,126,143,152,160],"management":[44,144],"policy":[46],"Malawi.":[48],"Landsat":[49],"30-m":[50],"satellite":[51],"imagery":[52],"for":[53],"2001,":[54],"2009,":[55],"2019":[57],"was":[58,88],"used":[59],"identify":[61],"quantify":[63],"LULCC":[64],"outcomes":[65],"based":[66,94],"on":[67,95,148],"eight":[68],"input":[69],"classes:":[70],"agriculture,":[71],"built-up":[72],"areas,":[73],"barren,":[74],"water,":[75],"wetlands,":[76],"forest-mixed":[77],"vegetation,":[78],"shrub-woodland,":[79],"other.":[81],"A":[82],"Multilayer":[83],"Perceptron":[84],"(MLP)":[85],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"developed":[89],"land-cover":[92],"transitions":[93],"drivers;":[97],"elevation,":[98],"slope,":[99],"soil":[100],"texture,":[101],"population":[102],"density":[103],"distance":[105],"from":[106],"roads":[107],"rivers.":[109],"Agriculture":[110],"is":[111],"projected":[112],"dominate":[114],"by":[117],"2050.":[118],"has":[120],"a":[121],"higher":[122],"probability":[123],"conversion":[127],"agriculture":[129],"(0.45":[130],"0.70)":[132],"than":[133],"(0.30":[135],"0.45).":[137],"These":[138],"findings":[139],"suggest":[140],"that":[141,158],"initiatives":[145],"should":[146],"focus":[147],"spatiotemporal":[149],"patterns":[150],"cover":[153],"develop":[155],"multidimensional":[156],"policies":[157],"promote":[159],"conservation":[161],"local":[164],"context.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2022-07-21T00:00:00"}
