{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285596512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392","title":"Machine Learning-Based Approach Using Open Data to Estimate PM2.5 over Europe","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Approach Using Open Data to Estimate PM2.5 over Europe","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285596512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3392/pdf?version=1657864160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3392/pdf?version=1657864160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005476797","display_name":"Saleem Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saleem Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042834767","display_name":"Martin Landa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-3542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Landa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078185748","display_name":"Ond\u0159ej Pe\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-8002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ond\u0159ej Pe\u0161ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074762720","display_name":"Luk\u00e1\u0161 Brodsk\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-0477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luk\u00e1\u0161 Brodsk\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059519597","display_name":"Lena Halounov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lena Halounov\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005476797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.1041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92410679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"14","first_page":"3392","last_page":"3392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6208930611610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-index","display_name":"Air quality index","score":0.6159416437149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"Air pollution","score":0.589617133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulates","display_name":"Particulates","score":0.4995555877685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4984140396118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4726012349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.27674761414527893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6208930611610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.6159416437149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.589617133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.4995555877685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4984140396118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4726012349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.27674761414527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3392/pdf?version=1657864160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff7c07bc3fc74250b9fe2e6f8c761a5e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff7c07bc3fc74250b9fe2e6f8c761a5e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 14, p 3392 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/14/3392/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 14; Pages: 3392","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14143392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3392/pdf?version=1657864160","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285596512.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285596512.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1953367658","https://openalex.org/W1980891198","https://openalex.org/W1990797640","https://openalex.org/W1990858038","https://openalex.org/W1994266059","https://openalex.org/W2031528200","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2066281540","https://openalex.org/W2067129339","https://openalex.org/W2069977802","https://openalex.org/W2089625383","https://openalex.org/W2098294355","https://openalex.org/W2108079253","https://openalex.org/W2108476213","https://openalex.org/W2128169271","https://openalex.org/W2136624896","https://openalex.org/W2158143121","https://openalex.org/W2189238739","https://openalex.org/W2200832558","https://openalex.org/W2480175994","https://openalex.org/W2748192965","https://openalex.org/W2767569083","https://openalex.org/W2769431611","https://openalex.org/W2776069591","https://openalex.org/W2800133189","https://openalex.org/W2884639998","https://openalex.org/W2900933286","https://openalex.org/W2920308637","https://openalex.org/W2938438492","https://openalex.org/W2953978338","https://openalex.org/W2969621686","https://openalex.org/W2981441128","https://openalex.org/W3028198523","https://openalex.org/W3087962002","https://openalex.org/W3104426581","https://openalex.org/W3109716077","https://openalex.org/W3110079138","https://openalex.org/W3114896178","https://openalex.org/W3136179920","https://openalex.org/W3190080227","https://openalex.org/W4200507337","https://openalex.org/W4210310701","https://openalex.org/W4214947762","https://openalex.org/W4220823628","https://openalex.org/W4225968237","https://openalex.org/W6648749185","https://openalex.org/W6760240779","https://openalex.org/W6911185146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070677502","https://openalex.org/W2991488401","https://openalex.org/W1603912562","https://openalex.org/W3080344894","https://openalex.org/W4318499393","https://openalex.org/W2066546759","https://openalex.org/W2733363865","https://openalex.org/W2082703639","https://openalex.org/W2019104286","https://openalex.org/W2512873846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Air":[0],"pollution":[1],"is":[2,24,31,111,204],"currently":[3],"considered":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,95,98,103,108,127,161,186,197,201,218],"the":[7,64,124,136,151,155,159,162,167,187,192,205,216],"most":[8,184],"serious":[9],"problems":[10],"facing":[11],"humans.":[12],"Fine":[13],"particulate":[14],"matter":[15],"with":[16,33,90,118,158,220],"a":[17,25,41,112,177],"diameter":[18],"smaller":[19],"than":[20],"2.5":[21],"micrometres":[22],"(PM2.5)":[23],"very":[26],"harmful":[27],"air":[28,132,181,243],"pollutant":[29],"that":[30,131,173,208],"linked":[32],"many":[34],"diseases.":[35],"In":[36,144],"this":[37,85,109,174],"study,":[38],"we":[39,146],"created":[40],"machine":[42],"learning-based":[43],"scheme":[44],"to":[45,62,79],"estimate":[46,80],"PM2.5":[47,81,116,148],"using":[48],"various":[49],"open":[50,212,235],"data":[51,213],"such":[52],"as":[53],"satellite":[54],"remote":[55],"sensing,":[56],"meteorological":[57],"data,":[58],"and":[59,101,166,199,214,223,234,237],"land":[60],"variables":[61],"increase":[63],"limited":[65],"spatial":[66,121,222],"coverage":[67,115],"provided":[68],"by":[69],"ground-monitors.":[70],"A":[71],"space-time":[72],"extremely":[73],"randomised":[74],"trees":[75],"model":[76,86],"was":[77],"used":[78,240],"concentrations":[82],"over":[83,139],"Europe,":[84],"achieved":[87],"good":[88],"results":[89],"an":[91],"out-of-sample":[92],"cross-validated":[93],"R2":[94],"0.69,":[96],"RMSE":[97],"5":[99],"\u03bcg/m3,":[100],"MAE":[102],"3.3":[104],"\u03bcg/m3.":[105],"The":[106,226],"outcome":[107],"study":[110,137,188,207],"daily":[113],"full":[114],"dataset":[117,228],"1":[119],"km":[120],"resolution":[122],"for":[123,191],"three-year":[125],"period":[126,138],"2018\u20132020.":[128],"We":[129,171],"found":[130,172],"quality":[133,182,244],"improved":[134],"throughout":[135],"all":[140],"countries":[141],"in":[142,183,241],"Europe.":[143],"addition,":[145],"compared":[147],"levels":[149],"during":[150,154],"COVID-19":[152],"lockdown":[153,175],"months":[156,165],"March\u2013June":[157],"average":[160],"previous":[163],"4":[164,169],"following":[168],"months.":[170],"had":[176],"positive":[178],"effect":[179],"on":[180,211],"parts":[185],"area":[189],"except":[190],"United":[193],"Kingdom,":[194],"Ireland,":[195],"north":[196],"France,":[198],"south":[200],"Italy.":[202],"This":[203],"first":[206],"depends":[209],"only":[210],"covers":[215],"whole":[217],"Europe":[219],"high":[221],"temporal":[224],"resolutions.":[225],"reconstructed":[227],"will":[229],"be":[230,239],"published":[231],"under":[232],"free":[233],"license":[236],"can":[238],"future":[242],"studies.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-07-16T00:00:00"}