{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283806648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196","title":"Reliable Label-Supervised Pixel Attention Mechanism for Weakly Supervised Building Segmentation in UAV Imagery","display_name":"Reliable Label-Supervised Pixel Attention Mechanism for Weakly Supervised Building Segmentation in UAV Imagery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283806648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3196/pdf?version=1657071270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3196/pdf?version=1657071270","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004753222","display_name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China","School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100538220","display_name":"Weifeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6519-2335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China","School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458535","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detecting and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detecting and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053368234","display_name":"Chengli Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-3871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengli Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018556296","display_name":"Wenping Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-313X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenping Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053368234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59105525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"13","first_page":"3196","last_page":"3196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8453148603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8249439001083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7715464234352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7457775473594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.591937243938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5229154825210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5116165280342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4974506199359894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4155002236366272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8453148603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8249439001083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7715464234352112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7457775473594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.591937243938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5229154825210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5116165280342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4974506199359894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4155002236366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3196/pdf?version=1657071270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60fbb986e1614293a4d063ffcc4b15a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60fbb986e1614293a4d063ffcc4b15a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 13, p 3196 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/13/3196/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133196","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3196/pdf?version=1657071270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2902787458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41977242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5624034642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G741060475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4197724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7657105740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283806648.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283806648.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611457968","https://openalex.org/W1783315696","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1945608308","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2337429362","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2558580397","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2755136704","https://openalex.org/W2897052332","https://openalex.org/W2897936062","https://openalex.org/W2904005494","https://openalex.org/W2908320224","https://openalex.org/W2956648669","https://openalex.org/W2962758679","https://openalex.org/W2962867364","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2973126028","https://openalex.org/W2989491750","https://openalex.org/W2996327453","https://openalex.org/W2999480731","https://openalex.org/W3000554425","https://openalex.org/W3000627240","https://openalex.org/W3013118461","https://openalex.org/W3034930876","https://openalex.org/W3035201044","https://openalex.org/W3090205990","https://openalex.org/W3100040694","https://openalex.org/W3102659010","https://openalex.org/W3107653507","https://openalex.org/W3127338020","https://openalex.org/W3128892380","https://openalex.org/W3166286626","https://openalex.org/W3169761117","https://openalex.org/W3177958285","https://openalex.org/W4214945428","https://openalex.org/W4226224140","https://openalex.org/W6755402806","https://openalex.org/W6790389072","https://openalex.org/W6810739487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W2360858150","https://openalex.org/W370365947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"segmentation":[1,22,59,95],"for":[2,24,57],"Unmanned":[3],"Aerial":[4],"Vehicle":[5],"(UAV)":[6],"imagery":[7],"usually":[8],"requires":[9],"pixel-level":[10,160],"labels,":[11],"which":[12,114,152],"are":[13,84],"time-consuming":[14],"and":[15,83,166],"expensive":[16],"to":[17,76,86,123,141],"collect.":[18],"Weakly":[19],"supervised":[20,214],"semantic":[21],"methods":[23],"image-level":[25],"labeling":[26],"have":[27,37],"recently":[28],"achieved":[29],"promising":[30],"performance":[31],"in":[32,60,121],"natural":[33],"scenes,":[34],"but":[35],"there":[36],"been":[38],"few":[39],"studies":[40],"on":[41,67,192,206],"UAV":[42,61,195],"remote":[43],"sensing":[44],"imagery.":[45,62],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49,102,131,146],"propose":[50],"a":[51,105,125,148],"reliable":[52,143,149,164,174],"label-supervised":[53],"pixel":[54],"attention":[55],"mechanism":[56],"building":[58],"Our":[63],"method":[64,201],"is":[65,153],"based":[66],"the":[68,81,133,138,156,159,163,167,173,186,189,207],"class":[69,89,127,169],"activation":[70,90,128,170],"map.":[71,129,171],"However,":[72],"classification":[73,139],"networks":[74],"tend":[75],"capture":[77],"discriminative":[78,119],"parts":[79],"of":[80,158,188],"object":[82],"insensitive":[85],"over-activation;":[87],"therefore,":[88],"maps":[91],"cannot":[92],"directly":[93],"guide":[94],"network":[96,140],"training.":[97],"To":[98],"overcome":[99],"these":[100],"challenges,":[101],"first":[103],"design":[104,147],"Pixel":[106],"Attention":[107],"Module":[108],"that":[109,199],"captures":[110],"rich":[111],"contextual":[112],"relationships,":[113],"can":[115,177,183,202],"further":[116],"mine":[117],"more":[118],"regions,":[120],"order":[122],"obtain":[124],"modified":[126,168],"Then,":[130],"use":[132],"initial":[134],"seeds":[135],"generated":[136],"by":[137],"synthesize":[142],"labels.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"label":[150,175],"loss,":[151],"defined":[154],"as":[155],"sum":[157],"differences":[161],"between":[162],"labels":[165],"Notably,":[172],"loss":[176],"handle":[178],"over-activation.":[179],"The":[180],"preceding":[181],"steps":[182],"significantly":[184],"improve":[185],"quality":[187],"pseudo-labels.":[190],"Experiments":[191],"our":[193,200],"home-made":[194],"data":[196],"set":[197],"indicate":[198],"achieve":[203],"88.8%":[204],"mIoU":[205],"test":[208],"set,":[209],"outperforming":[210],"previous":[211],"state-of-the-art":[212],"weakly":[213],"methods.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
