{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283728402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129","title":"GNSS-R Soil Moisture Retrieval for Flat Vegetated Surfaces Using a Physics-Based Bistatic Scattering Model and Hybrid Global/Local Optimization","display_name":"GNSS-R Soil Moisture Retrieval for Flat Vegetated Surfaces Using a Physics-Based Bistatic Scattering Model and Hybrid Global/Local Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283728402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3129/pdf?version=1656916302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3129/pdf?version=1656916302","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061195662","display_name":"Amir Azemati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0543-8178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Azemati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070381392","display_name":"Amer Melebari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-0845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amer Melebari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053663506","display_name":"James D. Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6774-5275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James D. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020270621","display_name":"Jeffrey P. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-2712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey P. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051682678","display_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070381392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8656,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68197737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"13","first_page":"3129","last_page":"3129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.6831026673316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6484258770942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6039755940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5090464949607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.4423998296260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.4344263970851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22068870067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20881789922714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10206112265586853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.6831026673316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6484258770942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6039755940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5090464949607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.4423998296260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.4344263970851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22068870067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20881789922714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10206112265586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3129/pdf?version=1656916302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9850d1eccad44226a43bfd00d8df7713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9850d1eccad44226a43bfd00d8df7713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 13, p 3129 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/13/3129/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 13; Pages: 3129","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14133129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133129","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/13/3129/pdf?version=1656916302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2392729007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4529030831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","funder_display_name":"University of Southern California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5900175512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1643004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G611870384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7457886459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1643004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8185589291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8539759253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283728402.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283728402.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1651208609","https://openalex.org/W1974127093","https://openalex.org/W1995598225","https://openalex.org/W2004258525","https://openalex.org/W2026604749","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2040957337","https://openalex.org/W2048331028","https://openalex.org/W2097816127","https://openalex.org/W2099614632","https://openalex.org/W2100054272","https://openalex.org/W2101335079","https://openalex.org/W2126835024","https://openalex.org/W2128682602","https://openalex.org/W2132549823","https://openalex.org/W2146149230","https://openalex.org/W2151586007","https://openalex.org/W2153206894","https://openalex.org/W2158093607","https://openalex.org/W2169949952","https://openalex.org/W2324269608","https://openalex.org/W2486430858","https://openalex.org/W2579746766","https://openalex.org/W2762261004","https://openalex.org/W2763687251","https://openalex.org/W2765349312","https://openalex.org/W2774327481","https://openalex.org/W2896573407","https://openalex.org/W2897126250","https://openalex.org/W2900593761","https://openalex.org/W2912094294","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W3013137649","https://openalex.org/W3015987273","https://openalex.org/W3024756036","https://openalex.org/W3095275538","https://openalex.org/W3172002582","https://openalex.org/W6889402233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108512031","https://openalex.org/W2063755384","https://openalex.org/W2048409327","https://openalex.org/W2153306223","https://openalex.org/W2997015357","https://openalex.org/W2390117385","https://openalex.org/W2123825282","https://openalex.org/W1977273908","https://openalex.org/W2079990215","https://openalex.org/W2897030841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,64],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,26,34,219],"soil":[4,162,199,207],"moisture":[5,163,208],"retrieval":[6,189],"scheme":[7],"from":[8,92,183],"Cyclone":[9],"Global":[10],"Navigation":[11],"Satellite":[12],"System":[13],"(CYGNSS)":[14],"delay-Doppler":[15],"maps":[16],"(DDMs)":[17],"over":[18,75,96],"land.":[19],"The":[20,40,104,114,124,188],"proposed":[21],"inversion":[22],"method":[23,32,65],"consists":[24],"of":[25,60,117,161,198,238],"hybrid":[27],"global":[28],"and":[29,33,49,72,94,110,132,138,176,185,209,217],"local":[30],"optimization":[31],"physics-based":[35],"bistatic":[36,55],"scattering":[37],"forward":[38,41],"model.":[39],"model":[42],"was":[43,66,122,129,165,172],"developed":[44],"for":[45,102,108,135,179,195,224],"bare-to-densely":[46],"vegetated":[47],"terrains,":[48,140],"it":[50,171],"predicts":[51],"the":[52,61,76,97,118,136,143,146,152,154,180,202,206,215,226],"circularly":[53],"polarized":[54],"radar":[56],"cross":[57],"section":[58],"DDM":[59,221],"land":[62],"surface.":[63],"tested":[67],"on":[68],"both":[69,205],"simulated":[70,105],"DDMs":[71,74,91,106],"CYGNSS":[73,90],"Soil":[77],"Moisture":[78],"Active":[79],"Passive":[80],"(SMAP)":[81],"Yanco":[82,98,119],"core":[83],"validation":[84,120,181,227],"site":[85,99,121],"in":[86],"Australia.":[87],"About":[88],"250":[89],"2019":[93,184],"2020":[95],"were":[100,107],"used":[101,223],"validation.":[103],"grassland":[109,137],"forest":[111,139],"vegetation":[112,115,125],"types.":[113],"type":[116],"grassland.":[123],"water":[126],"content":[127],"(VWC)":[128],"0.19":[130],"kgm\u22122":[131,134],"4.89":[133],"respectively.":[141,187],"For":[142,201],"case":[144,203],"when":[145,204],"surface":[147,210],"roughness":[148,211],"is":[149,222],"known":[150],"to":[151,214],"algorithm,":[153],"unbiased":[155],"root":[156],"mean":[157],"square":[158],"error":[159],"(ubRMSE)":[160],"estimates":[164],"less":[166,239],"than":[167,240],"0.03":[168],"m3m\u22123":[169,175,178],"while":[170],"approximately":[173],"0.06":[174],"0.09":[177],"results":[182,228],"2020,":[186],"algorithm":[190,216],"generally":[191],"had":[192],"enhanced":[193],"performance":[194],"smaller":[196],"values":[197],"moisture.":[200],"are":[212],"unknown":[213],"only":[218],"single":[220],"retrieval,":[225],"showed":[229],"an":[230,235,236],"expected":[231],"reduced":[232],"performance,":[233],"with":[234],"ubRMSE":[237],"0.12":[241],"m3m\u22123.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2022-07-01T00:00:00"}