{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283214223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944","title":"Ant Colony Pheromone Mechanism-Based Passive Localization Using UAV Swarm","display_name":"Ant Colony Pheromone Mechanism-Based Passive Localization Using UAV Swarm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283214223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14122944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2944/pdf?version=1655716221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2944/pdf?version=1655716221","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101418489","display_name":"Yongkun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9137-7457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100674652","display_name":"Dan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Colloege of Information and Communication, National Uinversity of Defense Technology, Xi\u2019an 710006, China","The Colloege of Information and Communication, National Uinversity of Defense Technology, Xi'an 710006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Colloege of Information and Communication, National Uinversity of Defense Technology, Xi\u2019an 710006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Colloege of Information and Communication, National Uinversity of Defense Technology, Xi'an 710006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000369421","display_name":"Bowen Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015537541","display_name":"Bin Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9805-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071232147","display_name":"Man Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100080, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100080, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100688853","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4997-2068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100688853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74469106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"2944","last_page":"2944"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6917420625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.6669493913650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony-optimization-algorithms","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","score":0.6258651614189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pheromone","display_name":"Pheromone","score":0.5687456727027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5631262063980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4799066483974457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45590725541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4472881853580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-intelligence","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","score":0.4129360616207123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony","display_name":"Ant colony","score":0.4120834767818451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24883157014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09497663378715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07813459634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.07396551966667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07230457663536072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6917420625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.6669493913650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.6258651614189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777328355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167377","display_name":"Pheromone","level":2,"score":0.5687456727027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5631262063980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4799066483974457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45590725541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4472881853580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.4129360616207123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60891933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796575","display_name":"Ant colony","level":3,"score":0.4120834767818451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24883157014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09497663378715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07813459634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.07396551966667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07230457663536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14122944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2944/pdf?version=1655716221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6fe80631a89f448ba4a9822a375a9230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6fe80631a89f448ba4a9822a375a9230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 2944 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/12/2944/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 12; Pages: 2944","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14122944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122944","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2944/pdf?version=1655716221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283214223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283214223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519085183","https://openalex.org/W1797584875","https://openalex.org/W1965919406","https://openalex.org/W1974000248","https://openalex.org/W2004385997","https://openalex.org/W2008457674","https://openalex.org/W2014613182","https://openalex.org/W2026850626","https://openalex.org/W2051923321","https://openalex.org/W2089286422","https://openalex.org/W2101968848","https://openalex.org/W2114005163","https://openalex.org/W2118021831","https://openalex.org/W2119609463","https://openalex.org/W2149154415","https://openalex.org/W2156075923","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2169762985","https://openalex.org/W2193142622","https://openalex.org/W2353126473","https://openalex.org/W2364574607","https://openalex.org/W2408272418","https://openalex.org/W2597619747","https://openalex.org/W2755677560","https://openalex.org/W2768200951","https://openalex.org/W2770858248","https://openalex.org/W2787766844","https://openalex.org/W2797227892","https://openalex.org/W2944967679","https://openalex.org/W2946931672","https://openalex.org/W2962871907","https://openalex.org/W3012177883","https://openalex.org/W3029898424","https://openalex.org/W3055867842","https://openalex.org/W3083944087","https://openalex.org/W3092163236","https://openalex.org/W3126771108","https://openalex.org/W4214764211","https://openalex.org/W6697634807","https://openalex.org/W6782648787"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347969533","https://openalex.org/W2612694818","https://openalex.org/W4308079021","https://openalex.org/W2155027171","https://openalex.org/W2388217074","https://openalex.org/W2394153495","https://openalex.org/W2363465025","https://openalex.org/W2352212117","https://openalex.org/W2300135944","https://openalex.org/W192709900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"problem":[1],"of":[2,68,85,128,188,196],"passive":[3,47],"localization":[4,16,48,61,120,198],"using":[5,50],"an":[6,42],"unmanned":[7],"aerial":[8],"vehicle":[9],"(UAV)":[10],"swarm":[11,53,166],"is":[12,26,54,115,192],"studied.":[13],"For":[14],"multi-UAV":[15],"systems":[17],"with":[18,78,149],"limited":[19],"communication":[20],"and":[21,133,168,200],"observation":[22,76],"range,":[23],"the":[24,63,75,83,86,89,94,99,105,110,137,144,150,158,164,170,178,186,189,203],"challenge":[25],"how":[27],"to":[28,73,117,156,202],"obtain":[29],"accurate":[30],"target":[31,97,101,153,160,171],"state":[32],"consistency":[33],"estimates":[34],"through":[35],"local":[36,69],"UAV":[37,52,142,165],"communication.":[38],"In":[39,136],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"ant":[43,111,123],"colony":[44,112,124],"pheromone":[45,113,125,131,134,138,179],"mechanism-based":[46],"method":[49,65,191],"a":[51],"proposed.":[55],"Different":[56],"from":[57],"traditional":[58,197],"distributed":[59],"fusion":[60],"algorithms,":[62],"proposed":[64,190],"makes":[66],"use":[67],"interactions":[70],"among":[71],"individuals":[72,175],"process":[74],"data":[77],"UAVs,":[79],"which":[80],"greatly":[81],"reduces":[82],"cost":[84],"system.":[87],"First,":[88],"UAVs":[90],"that":[91,185,195],"have":[92],"detected":[93],"radiation":[95],"source":[96],"estimate":[98],"rough":[100],"position":[102,161,172],"based":[103,176],"on":[104,177],"pseudo-linear":[106],"estimation":[107],"(PLE).":[108],"Then,":[109,163],"mechanism":[114,126],"introduced":[116],"further":[118],"improve":[119],"accuracy.":[121],"consists":[127],"two":[129],"stages:":[130],"injection":[132,139],"transmission.":[135],"mechanism,":[140],"each":[141],"uses":[143],"maximum":[145],"likelihood":[146],"(ML)":[147],"algorithm":[148],"current":[151],"observed":[152],"bearing":[154],"information":[155,173],"correct":[157],"initial":[159],"estimate.":[162],"weights":[167],"fuses":[169],"between":[174],"transmission":[180],"mechanism.":[181],"Numerical":[182],"results":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"accuracy":[187],"better":[193],"than":[194],"algorithms":[199],"close":[201],"Cramer\u2013Rao":[204],"lower":[205],"bound":[206],"(CRLB)":[207],"for":[208],"small":[209],"measurement":[210],"noise.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
