{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281780543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694","title":"Inverse Synthetic Aperture LiDAR Imaging of Rough Targets under Small Rotation Angles","display_name":"Inverse Synthetic Aperture LiDAR Imaging of Rough Targets under Small Rotation Angles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281780543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2694/pdf?version=1654517516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2694/pdf?version=1654517516","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080338028","display_name":"Jiyu Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-3982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyu Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010434771","display_name":"Yunhua Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-5374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunhua Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046828055","display_name":"Tan Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-7064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090409949","display_name":"Zhensen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-7275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhensen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053108788","display_name":"Yanhui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8195-3748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354411","display_name":"Geng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420863","display_name":"Kai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-4262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010434771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08086098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2694","last_page":"2694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.6454781293869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.589057445526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5817546844482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5754889845848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordinate-system","display_name":"Coordinate system","score":0.44288474321365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4277764856815338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41378408670425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2107342779636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14974555373191833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.6454781293869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.589057445526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5817546844482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5754889845848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80551277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11210","display_name":"Coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.44288474321365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4277764856815338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41378408670425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2107342779636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14974555373191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2694/pdf?version=1654517516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f52d4c4d6ee4d0ca1f040f2dc7f8708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f52d4c4d6ee4d0ca1f040f2dc7f8708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2694 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/11/2694/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112694","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2694/pdf?version=1654517516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6196413827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281780543.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281780543.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661217331","https://openalex.org/W1997038906","https://openalex.org/W2063826109","https://openalex.org/W2085025773","https://openalex.org/W2146499935","https://openalex.org/W2320569841","https://openalex.org/W2334396683","https://openalex.org/W2337701225","https://openalex.org/W2480767307","https://openalex.org/W2852172072","https://openalex.org/W2921251704","https://openalex.org/W3016577005","https://openalex.org/W3125961826","https://openalex.org/W4214581730","https://openalex.org/W4221110596","https://openalex.org/W6775497767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308749380","https://openalex.org/W2372481764","https://openalex.org/W2610947892","https://openalex.org/W1977264433","https://openalex.org/W2746368218","https://openalex.org/W4308448008","https://openalex.org/W2037841693","https://openalex.org/W2347371661","https://openalex.org/W62837036","https://openalex.org/W2394285122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inverse":[0],"synthetic":[1],"aperture":[2],"LiDAR":[3],"(ISAL)":[4],"breaks":[5],"through":[6,114],"the":[7,10,42,59,77,90,94,98,102,108,120,127,135,138,142,146,150,174,180,196,200,209,215,218,230],"limitations":[8],"of":[9,55,93,97,107,126,137,145,170,176,184,232,235],"diffraction":[11],"limit":[12],"and":[13,36,41,100,123,133,149,173,208,226],"achieves":[14],"ultra-long-distance":[15],"radar":[16],"imaging":[17,54,144,169,182,234],"with":[18],"centimeter-level":[19],"resolution.":[20],"However,":[21],"because":[22],"ISAL":[23,56,70,124,143,168,181,233],"obtains":[24],"a":[25,32,37,159,189],"high":[26,33],"resolution,":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29,45,48,86,112,153,156,193,198],"accompanied":[30],"by":[31],"sampling":[34],"rate":[35],"large":[38],"data":[39],"volume,":[40],"processing":[43],"process":[44],"complicated,":[46],"which":[47],"not":[49],"conducive":[50],"to":[51,88],"fast":[52],"real-time":[53],"targets.":[57],"At":[58],"same":[60],"time,":[61],"considering":[62],"that":[63,158],"actual":[64],"non-cooperative":[65],"targets":[66,187,237],"cannot":[67],"obtain":[68],"full-angle":[69],"images":[71],"during":[72],"movement,":[73],"in":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"Kirchhoff":[78],"approximation":[79],"method":[80],"based":[81],"on":[82,141,179],"two-dimensional":[83],"Fourier":[84],"transform":[85],"used":[87],"calculate":[89],"scattering":[91,105,202],"echo":[92,106,122],"rough":[95,103,128,147,151,171,186,236],"surface":[96,104],"target,":[99],"then,":[101],"target":[109,129,152,201,210],"coordinate":[110,115],"system":[111],"obtained":[113],"transformation.":[116],"After":[117],"vector":[118],"superposition,":[119],"scattered":[121],"image":[125,219],"are":[130],"finally":[131],"obtained,":[132],"then":[134],"influence":[136,175],"rotation":[139,161,191,240],"angle":[140,162,192],"plate":[148],"discussed.":[154],"It":[155],"found":[157],"small":[160,190,239],"range":[163],"can":[164],"also":[165],"achieve":[166],"clear":[167],"targets,":[172],"different":[177,185],"roughness":[178,197,216],"results":[183],"under":[188,238],"analyzed.":[194],"When":[195],"decreased,":[199],"mainly":[203],"comes":[204],"from":[205],"coherent":[206],"scattering,":[207],"edge":[211],"becomes":[212,222],"sharper.":[213],"As":[214],"increases,":[217],"energy":[220],"distribution":[221],"more":[223],"uniform.":[224],"Theoretical":[225],"simulation":[227],"experiments":[228],"verify":[229],"feasibility":[231],"angles.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}