{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281662716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692","title":"Estimating Grass Sward Quality and Quantity Parameters Using Drone Remote Sensing with Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Estimating Grass Sward Quality and Quantity Parameters Using Drone Remote Sensing with Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281662716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2692/pdf?version=1654585878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2692/pdf?version=1654585878","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020674648","display_name":"Kirsi Karila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-4457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kirsi Karila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062318076","display_name":"Raquel Alves de Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5308-8259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raquel Alves Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081562129","display_name":"Johannes Ek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045296703","display_name":"Jere Kaivosoja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-2065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","display_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/02hb7bm88","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207","https://openalex.org/I4210153464"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jere Kaivosoja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037907825","display_name":"Niko Koivum\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6307-1637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niko Koivum\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040773289","display_name":"Panu Korhonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0274-6362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","display_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/02hb7bm88","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207","https://openalex.org/I4210153464"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panu Korhonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067736570","display_name":"Oiva Niemel\u00e4inen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","display_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/02hb7bm88","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207","https://openalex.org/I4210153464"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oiva Niemel\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 00790 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028004422","display_name":"Laura Nyholm","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098442","display_name":"Valio (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00yb5c421","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098442"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Nyholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Farm Services, Valio Ltd., 00370 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Farm Services, Valio Ltd., 00370 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018473742","display_name":"Roope N\u00e4si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5823-8180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roope N\u00e4si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013773185","display_name":"Ilkka P\u00f6l\u00f6nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-7364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilkka P\u00f6l\u00f6nen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, 40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, 40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010833142","display_name":"Eija Honkavaara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7236-2145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eija Honkavaara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020674648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.5649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9268679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2692","last_page":"2692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-detergent-fiber","display_name":"Neutral Detergent Fiber","score":0.7633652687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-matter","display_name":"Dry matter","score":0.604592502117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4921547770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-matter","display_name":"Organic matter","score":0.48535576462745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4682392179965973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-science","display_name":"Animal science","score":0.46236374974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.458562970161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2935083210468292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24101388454437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2322198450565338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08549097180366516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779039770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002961","display_name":"Neutral Detergent Fiber","level":3,"score":0.7633652687072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393855","display_name":"Dry matter","level":2,"score":0.604592502117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4921547770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48743137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783121","display_name":"Organic matter","level":2,"score":0.48535576462745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4682392179965973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.46236374974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.458562970161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2935083210468292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24101388454437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2322198450565338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08549097180366516}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2692/pdf?version=1654585878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/82622","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202208174166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/115761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/50f0dee7-6b63-4348-9d1b-722b112fe342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:18e58c6e52b444fc9aafa571ece01702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/18e58c6e52b444fc9aafa571ece01702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2692 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/344344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/344344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"A1 Journal article \u2013 refereed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jukuri.luke.fi:10024/551932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/551932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402330","display_name":"Jukuri (Luonnonvarakeskus Tietopalvelu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3017910207","host_organization_name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017910207"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"publication"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/11/2692/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112692","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2692/pdf?version=1654585878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1942879123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ID 20302863","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281662716.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994968123","https://openalex.org/W2026446766","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2069708840","https://openalex.org/W2129074274","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2218047931","https://openalex.org/W2330210193","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2751694392","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2768005555","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2789410971","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2793745122","https://openalex.org/W2803775013","https://openalex.org/W2837916766","https://openalex.org/W2843415492","https://openalex.org/W2888677785","https://openalex.org/W2904243378","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921277556","https://openalex.org/W2963520355","https://openalex.org/W2964782831","https://openalex.org/W2998236111","https://openalex.org/W3005101149","https://openalex.org/W3024674663","https://openalex.org/W3027702079","https://openalex.org/W3081171346","https://openalex.org/W3091488873","https://openalex.org/W3104341624","https://openalex.org/W3110908156","https://openalex.org/W3117369930","https://openalex.org/W3122024312","https://openalex.org/W3122028341","https://openalex.org/W3124539583","https://openalex.org/W3127570627","https://openalex.org/W3128592650","https://openalex.org/W3163983182","https://openalex.org/W3171778724","https://openalex.org/W3183898570","https://openalex.org/W3186032668","https://openalex.org/W4205905582","https://openalex.org/W4214634256","https://openalex.org/W4244930247","https://openalex.org/W4302447407","https://openalex.org/W6666487912","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6790139290","https://openalex.org/W6799693294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486427606","https://openalex.org/W2134388868","https://openalex.org/W2128448357","https://openalex.org/W2169407867","https://openalex.org/W2360429179","https://openalex.org/W3192964612","https://openalex.org/W1972225366","https://openalex.org/W1805156568","https://openalex.org/W3098085063","https://openalex.org/W2431044290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46,122,178,192,200],"objective":[1],"of":[2,10,22,57,127],"this":[3],"study":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6],"investigate":[7],"the":[8,17,35,38,55,96,99,117,128,186,205,209,213,217,221],"potential":[9],"novel":[11],"neural":[12,93,109,118],"network":[13,94],"architectures":[14],"for":[15,132,185,197],"measuring":[16],"quality":[18],"and":[19,29,33,43,50,79,86,98,103,106,168,190,202],"quantity":[20],"parameters":[21,47],"silage":[23],"grass":[24],"swards,":[25],"using":[26,174],"drone":[27],"RGB":[28,179,210],"hyperspectral":[30],"images":[31],"(HSI),":[32],"compare":[34],"results":[36,207],"with":[37,208,220],"random":[39],"forest":[40],"(RF)":[41],"method":[42],"handcrafted":[44],"features.":[45],"included":[48],"fresh":[49],"dry":[51,61],"biomass":[52],"(FY,":[53],"DMY),":[54],"digestibility":[56],"organic":[58],"matter":[59,62],"in":[60],"(D-value),":[63],"neutral":[64,69],"detergent":[65,70],"fiber":[66,71],"(NDF),":[67],"indigestible":[68],"(iNDF),":[72],"water-soluble":[73],"carbohydrates":[74],"(WSC),":[75],"nitrogen":[76,80],"concentration":[77],"(Ncont)":[78],"uptake":[81],"(NU);":[82],"datasets":[83,194],"from":[84],"spring":[85],"summer":[87],"growth":[88],"were":[89,112,131],"used.":[90],"Deep":[91],"pre-trained":[92],"architectures,":[95],"VGG16":[97],"Vision":[100],"Transformer":[101],"(ViT),":[102],"simple":[104,214],"2D":[105],"3D":[107],"convolutional":[108],"networks":[110,119],"(CNN)":[111],"studied.":[113],"In":[114],"most":[115,218],"cases,":[116],"outperformed":[120],"RF.":[121],"normalized":[123],"root-mean-square":[124],"errors":[125],"(NRMSE)":[126],"best":[129,206],"models":[130],"FY":[133],"19%":[134],"(2104":[135],"kg/ha),":[136],"DMY":[137],"21%":[138],"(512":[139],"kg":[140],"DM/ha),":[141],"D-value":[142],"1.2%":[143],"(8.6":[144],"g/kg":[145,150,155,160],"DM),":[146,151,156,161,167],"iNDF":[147],"12%":[148],"(5.1":[149],"NDF":[152],"1.1%":[153],"(6.2":[154],"WSC":[157,189],"10%":[158],"(10.5":[159],"Ncont":[162],"9%":[163],"(2":[164],"g":[165],"N/kg":[166],"NU":[169],"22%":[170],"(11.9":[171],"N":[172],"kg/ha)":[173],"independent":[175],"test":[176],"dataset.":[177],"data":[180],"provided":[181,195,204],"good":[182],"results,":[183],"particularly":[184],"FY,":[187],"DMY,":[188],"NU.":[191],"HSI":[193,222],"advantages":[196],"some":[198],"parameters.":[199],"ViT":[201],"VGG":[203],"data,":[211],"whereas":[212],"3D-CNN":[215],"was":[216],"consistent":[219],"data.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
