{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281933899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654","title":"Urban Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis Using Random Forest Classification of Landsat Time Series","display_name":"Urban Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis Using Random Forest Classification of Landsat Time Series","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281933899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2654/pdf?version=1654092112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2654/pdf?version=1654092112","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007989814","display_name":"Saeid B. Amini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3774-5730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068170767","display_name":"Mohsen Saber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-3552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Saber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geospatial Information Engineering, Faculty of Surveying and Geomatics, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geospatial Information Engineering, Faculty of Surveying and Geomatics, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018829327","display_name":"Hamidreza Rabiei\u2010Dastjerdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-793X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamidreza Rabiei-Dastjerdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and CeADAR, University College Dublin (UCD), D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and CeADAR, University College Dublin (UCD), D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063724972","display_name":"Saeid Homayouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Homayouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Quebec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Quebec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063724972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":29.697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":294,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99899934,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2654","last_page":"2654"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6705678105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5759811997413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.4870660603046417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4386959671974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4309746026992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3341519832611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3118053078651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23971712589263916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6705678105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5759811997413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4870660603046417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4386959671974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4309746026992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3341519832611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3118053078651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23971712589263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2654/pdf?version=1654092112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61ec246181c74c1192ac4da9b57a84b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61ec246181c74c1192ac4da9b57a84b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2654 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.inrs.ca:13073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400579","display_name":"EspaceINRS (National Institute for Scientific Research (Canada))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","host_organization_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/11/2654/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 11; Pages: 2654","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112654","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112654","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2654/pdf?version=1654092112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4699999988079071},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1486884611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"713654","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320217","funder_display_name":"Marie Curie"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320217","display_name":"Marie Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqv1x10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281933899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281933899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W252376446","https://openalex.org/W1210292870","https://openalex.org/W1514597007","https://openalex.org/W1587801402","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1964672965","https://openalex.org/W1971240982","https://openalex.org/W1974307287","https://openalex.org/W1983020234","https://openalex.org/W1987807993","https://openalex.org/W1997005542","https://openalex.org/W2008168496","https://openalex.org/W2008347724","https://openalex.org/W2017142214","https://openalex.org/W2026942553","https://openalex.org/W2029058476","https://openalex.org/W2040667072","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2052648234","https://openalex.org/W2064578974","https://openalex.org/W2071312594","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2077707413","https://openalex.org/W2085317936","https://openalex.org/W2098653311","https://openalex.org/W2099536556","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2109631166","https://openalex.org/W2115350623","https://openalex.org/W2117706739","https://openalex.org/W2134814598","https://openalex.org/W2142556309","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2167787089","https://openalex.org/W2172120354","https://openalex.org/W2187742159","https://openalex.org/W2203050658","https://openalex.org/W2415430125","https://openalex.org/W2465299777","https://openalex.org/W2559158295","https://openalex.org/W2563823863","https://openalex.org/W2587456632","https://openalex.org/W2623307522","https://openalex.org/W2751564157","https://openalex.org/W2755013453","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2781817002","https://openalex.org/W2793327769","https://openalex.org/W2793465189","https://openalex.org/W2811511299","https://openalex.org/W2829356528","https://openalex.org/W2885601213","https://openalex.org/W2905754522","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916848715","https://openalex.org/W2938610884","https://openalex.org/W2953565132","https://openalex.org/W2996836954","https://openalex.org/W3013341479","https://openalex.org/W3020943541","https://openalex.org/W3037640242","https://openalex.org/W3045585619","https://openalex.org/W3048745168","https://openalex.org/W3082766779","https://openalex.org/W3084376721","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3163632496","https://openalex.org/W3167864888","https://openalex.org/W3186478549","https://openalex.org/W3217586766","https://openalex.org/W4206218989","https://openalex.org/W6627938147","https://openalex.org/W6635153025","https://openalex.org/W6641732855","https://openalex.org/W6643089521","https://openalex.org/W6687467708","https://openalex.org/W6747520870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537861260","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"implementation":[1],"of":[2,11,33,95,105,142,188,224,342],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"image":[5,107,144],"classification":[6,66,168,181,186,222,284],"can":[7,25,216,242,333],"facilitate":[8],"the":[9,27,31,40,59,69,85,93,96,103,140,185,193,203,247,279,283,287],"extraction":[10],"spatiotemporal":[12],"information":[13],"for":[14,84,221,258,262,270,274,298,344],"land":[15,18,162],"use":[16],"and":[17,36,80,151,161,175,192,232,239,260,272,286,295,302,311,327,336],"cover":[19],"(LULC)":[20],"classification.":[21],"Mapping":[22],"LULC":[23,55,113,345],"change":[24],"pave":[26],"way":[28],"to":[29,53,87,109,121,133,201,339],"investigate":[30],"impacts":[32],"different":[34,106,143],"socioeconomic":[35],"environmental":[37],"factors":[38],"on":[39,99,147,166,171,179],"Earth\u2019s":[41],"surface.":[42],"This":[43,331],"study":[44],"presents":[45],"an":[46],"algorithm":[47,98,120,249],"that":[48,320],"uses":[49],"Landsat":[50,77,100,124,214,323],"time-series":[51],"data":[52,154,178,289],"analyze":[54],"change.":[56],"We":[57,90,115,183],"applied":[58,338],"Random":[60],"Forest":[61],"(RF)":[62],"classifier,":[63],"a":[64,111,117,317],"robust":[65],"method,":[67],"in":[68,237,276,308],"Google":[70],"Earth":[71],"Engine":[72],"(GEE)":[73],"using":[74,225,240],"imagery":[75],"from":[76,130],"5,":[78,325],"7,":[79,326],"8":[81,328],"as":[82,156],"inputs":[83],"1985":[86],"2019":[88],"period.":[89],"also":[91],"explored":[92],"performance":[94],"pan-sharpening":[97,119],"bands":[101],"besides":[102],"impact":[104,141],"compositions":[108,145],"produce":[110,217],"high-quality":[112],"map.":[114],"used":[116],"statistical":[118],"increase":[122,243],"multispectral":[123],"bands\u2019":[125],"(Landsat":[126],"7\u20139)":[127],"spatial":[128],"resolution":[129],"30":[131],"m":[132],"15":[134],"m.":[135],"In":[136],"addition,":[137],"we":[138,315],"checked":[139],"based":[146,170],"several":[148,172],"spectral":[149,173],"indices":[150,174],"other":[152,176,340],"auxiliary":[153,177],"such":[155],"digital":[157],"elevation":[158],"model":[159],"(DEM)":[160],"surface":[163,226],"temperature":[164],"(LST)":[165],"final":[167,180,244],"accuracy":[169,252,255],"accuracy.":[182,313],"compared":[184],"result":[187],"our":[189],"proposed":[190,248],"method":[191,332],"Copernicus":[194],"Global":[195],"Land":[196],"Cover":[197],"Layers":[198],"(CGLCL)":[199],"map":[200,266],"verify":[202],"algorithm.":[204],"The":[205],"results":[206,220,285],"show":[207],"that:":[208],"(1)":[209],"Using":[210],"pan-sharpened":[211],"top-of-atmosphere":[212],"(TOA)":[213],"products":[215],"more":[218],"accurate":[219],"instead":[223],"reflectance":[227],"(SR)":[228],"alone;":[229],"(2)":[230],"LST":[231],"DEM":[233],"are":[234],"essential":[235],"features":[236],"classification,":[238],"them":[241],"accuracy;":[245],"(3)":[246],"produced":[250],"higher":[251],"(94.438%":[253],"overall":[254,310],"(OA),":[256],"0.93":[257,261],"Kappa,":[259,271],"F1-score)":[263,275],"than":[264],"CGLCL":[265],"(84.4%":[267],"OA,":[268,299],"0.79":[269],"0.50":[273],"2019;":[277],"(4)":[278],"total":[280],"agreement":[281],"between":[282],"test":[288],"exceeds":[290],"90%":[291],"(93.37\u201397.6%),":[292],"0.9":[293],"(0.91\u20130.96),":[294],"0.85":[296],"(0.86\u20130.95)":[297],"Kappa":[300,312],"values,":[301],"F1-score,":[303],"respectively,":[304],"which":[305],"is":[306],"acceptable":[307],"both":[309],"Moreover,":[314],"provide":[316],"code":[318],"repository":[319],"allows":[321],"classifying":[322],"4,":[324],"within":[329],"GEE.":[330],"be":[334],"quickly":[335],"easily":[337],"regions":[341],"interest":[343],"mapping.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":120},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
