{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281617113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548","title":"Function-Based Troposphere Tomography Technique for Optimal Downscaling of Precipitation","display_name":"Function-Based Troposphere Tomography Technique for Optimal Downscaling of Precipitation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281617113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2548/pdf?version=1653626065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2548/pdf?version=1653626065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053575175","display_name":"Saeid Haji-Aghajany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-2494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Haji-Aghajany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1996715433, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1996715433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046807761","display_name":"Yazdan Amerian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-3402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazdan Amerian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1996715433, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1996715433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029427002","display_name":"Alireza Amiri-Simkooei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-0160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Amiri-Simkooei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029427002"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84266445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2548","last_page":"2548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.9816375970840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.71726393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.5657272934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5341250896453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4939420819282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.459870308637619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4494367837905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.43762069940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16140851378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13982409238815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13885998725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11579734086990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06656217575073242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.9816375970840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.71726393699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5657272934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5341250896453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4939420819282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.459870308637619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4494367837905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.43762069940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16140851378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13982409238815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13885998725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11579734086990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06656217575073242}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2548/pdf?version=1653626065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f09a729f4fbd4a1ea66a554fac20ee82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f09a729f4fbd4a1ea66a554fac20ee82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2548 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/11/2548/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 11; Pages: 2548","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:f6d08990-cb2a-4f1d-b48d-d1632cc466ee","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f6d08990-cb2a-4f1d-b48d-d1632cc466ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14112548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/11/2548/pdf?version=1653626065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6342384052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4001166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","funder_display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sr1ma14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281617113.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281617113.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1477378514","https://openalex.org/W1594234351","https://openalex.org/W1897501679","https://openalex.org/W1976282490","https://openalex.org/W2009085104","https://openalex.org/W2019041272","https://openalex.org/W2029050626","https://openalex.org/W2034138217","https://openalex.org/W2035154002","https://openalex.org/W2041593945","https://openalex.org/W2043505047","https://openalex.org/W2044378663","https://openalex.org/W2045689045","https://openalex.org/W2047291553","https://openalex.org/W2055578622","https://openalex.org/W2058998445","https://openalex.org/W2064945237","https://openalex.org/W2068342176","https://openalex.org/W2073986617","https://openalex.org/W2076231474","https://openalex.org/W2084659960","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2091848193","https://openalex.org/W2093141926","https://openalex.org/W2094794852","https://openalex.org/W2101077148","https://openalex.org/W2110325861","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2122974524","https://openalex.org/W2134197702","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2142351304","https://openalex.org/W2161433330","https://openalex.org/W2165834026","https://openalex.org/W2216845620","https://openalex.org/W2231388380","https://openalex.org/W2256578114","https://openalex.org/W2588663554","https://openalex.org/W2736715975","https://openalex.org/W2744252926","https://openalex.org/W2769596879","https://openalex.org/W2856856245","https://openalex.org/W2884616543","https://openalex.org/W2901093259","https://openalex.org/W2960425283","https://openalex.org/W2969904799","https://openalex.org/W2971285512","https://openalex.org/W2997401331","https://openalex.org/W3003728117","https://openalex.org/W3012319822","https://openalex.org/W3012551290","https://openalex.org/W3022095765","https://openalex.org/W3023404659","https://openalex.org/W3028498831","https://openalex.org/W3040343708","https://openalex.org/W3093211420","https://openalex.org/W3142999191","https://openalex.org/W3153462313","https://openalex.org/W3171558647","https://openalex.org/W3173189780","https://openalex.org/W4200023970","https://openalex.org/W4234020093","https://openalex.org/W6666764660","https://openalex.org/W6698736606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W2944582722","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W2354666346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precipitation":[0],"is":[1,27,184],"an":[2,146,227],"important":[3],"meteorological":[4],"indicator":[5],"that":[6,202],"has":[7],"a":[8,37],"direct":[9],"and":[10,17,24,39,44,94,109,118,132,190],"significant":[11],"impact":[12],"on":[13],"ecology,":[14],"agriculture,":[15],"hydrology,":[16],"other":[18],"vital":[19],"areas":[20],"of":[21,33,67,151,162,198,209,221,230,241],"human":[22],"health":[23],"life.":[25],"It":[26],"therefore":[28],"essential":[29],"to":[30,62,74,79,104,187,226,234],"monitor":[31,43],"variations":[32],"this":[34,143],"parameter":[35],"at":[36],"global":[38],"local":[40,83],"scale.":[41],"To":[42],"predict":[45],"long-term":[46],"changes":[47],"in":[48,217],"climate":[49],"elements,":[50],"Global":[51,171],"Circulation":[52],"Models":[53],"(GCMs)":[54],"can":[55,205],"provide":[56],"simulated":[57],"global-scale":[58],"climatic":[59],"processes.":[60],"Due":[61],"the":[63,86,89,95,120,125,153,160,163,170,188,203,207,210,218,222,235,242],"low":[64,106],"spatial":[65],"resolution":[66],"these":[68],"models,":[69],"downscaling":[70,87,148,211],"methods":[71,192,200],"are":[72,100,140],"required":[73],"convert":[75],"such":[76],"large-scale":[77],"information":[78],"regional-scale":[80],"data":[81,122,183],"for":[82,128,135,142,194],"applications.":[84],"Among":[85],"methods,":[88],"Statistical":[90],"DownScaling":[91],"Model":[92],"(SDSM)":[93],"Artificial":[96],"Neural":[97],"Networks":[98],"(ANNs)":[99],"widely":[101],"used":[102,141,193],"due":[103],"their":[105],"computational":[107],"volume":[108],"suitable":[110],"output.":[111],"These":[112],"models":[113],"mainly":[114],"require":[115],"training":[116],"data,":[117,159],"generally,":[119],"reanalysis":[121],"obtained":[123,168],"from":[124,157,169],"National":[126],"Center":[127],"Environmental":[129],"Prediction":[130],"(NCEP)":[131],"European":[133],"Centre":[134],"Medium-range":[136],"Weather":[137],"Forecasts":[138],"(ECMWF)":[139],"purpose.":[144],"With":[145],"optimal":[147],"method,":[149],"instead":[150],"applying":[152],"humidity":[154],"indices":[155],"extracted":[156],"ECMWF":[158],"outputs":[161],"function-based":[164,181],"tropospheric":[165,182],"tomography":[166,204],"technique":[167],"Navigation":[172],"Satellite":[173],"System":[174],"(GNSS)":[175],"will":[176],"be":[177],"used.":[178],"The":[179,196],"reconstructed":[180],"then":[185],"fed":[186],"SDSM":[189],"ANN":[191],"downscaling.":[195],"results":[197],"both":[199],"indicate":[201],"increase":[206],"accuracy":[208],"process":[212],"by":[213],"about":[214],"20":[215],"mm":[216],"wet":[219],"months":[220],"year.":[223],"This":[224],"corresponds":[225],"average":[228],"improvement":[229],"38%":[231],"with":[232],"regard":[233],"root":[236],"mean":[237],"square":[238],"error":[239],"(RMSE)":[240],"monthly":[243],"precipitation.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}
