{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280611656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396","title":"Optimization of UAV-Based Imaging and Image Processing Orthomosaic and Point Cloud Approaches for Estimating Biomass in a Forage Crop","display_name":"Optimization of UAV-Based Imaging and Image Processing Orthomosaic and Point Cloud Approaches for Estimating Biomass in a Forage Crop","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280611656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2396/pdf?version=1653031343","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2396/pdf?version=1653031343","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047013650","display_name":"Worasit Sangjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-4287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Worasit Sangjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032271317","display_name":"Rebecca J. McGee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-1283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca J. McGee","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I72951846","https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894292","display_name":"Sindhuja Sankaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2640-8402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sindhuja Sankaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101894292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.9302,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96620673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"2396","last_page":"2396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.717601478099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6362082958221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forage","display_name":"Forage","score":0.6166547536849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6103323698043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.5266793966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5096971988677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.4809674322605133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4722957909107208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.4428950846195221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.402034193277359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1953166127204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1745322346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10722127556800842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09684357047080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09358596801757812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.717601478099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6362082958221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13377214","display_name":"Forage","level":2,"score":0.6166547536849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6103323698043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.5266793966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5096971988677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4809674322605133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4722957909107208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.4428950846195221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.402034193277359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1953166127204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1745322346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10722127556800842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09684357047080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09358596801757812}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2396/pdf?version=1653031343","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d989021d199f4c74b16b533e65dd4e18","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d989021d199f4c74b16b533e65dd4e18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 2396 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/10/2396/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 10; Pages: 2396","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2396/pdf?version=1653031343","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3685902252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1014919","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7983284459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1014919","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280611656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280611656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1900944452","https://openalex.org/W1928585742","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1967983339","https://openalex.org/W1991739869","https://openalex.org/W1998842586","https://openalex.org/W2012686349","https://openalex.org/W2025967407","https://openalex.org/W2038546252","https://openalex.org/W2039604550","https://openalex.org/W2052179110","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2069556122","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2086330580","https://openalex.org/W2094677081","https://openalex.org/W2114094841","https://openalex.org/W2119059400","https://openalex.org/W2122671423","https://openalex.org/W2159961845","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2229870314","https://openalex.org/W2253751820","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2598497520","https://openalex.org/W2624387057","https://openalex.org/W2736116482","https://openalex.org/W2791210235","https://openalex.org/W2791393980","https://openalex.org/W2806325719","https://openalex.org/W2888238698","https://openalex.org/W2891621712","https://openalex.org/W2905854309","https://openalex.org/W2912051998","https://openalex.org/W2920653747","https://openalex.org/W2921122163","https://openalex.org/W2921186291","https://openalex.org/W2921602766","https://openalex.org/W2927304558","https://openalex.org/W2936348993","https://openalex.org/W2941294328","https://openalex.org/W2943698741","https://openalex.org/W2947241366","https://openalex.org/W2954772564","https://openalex.org/W2989983865","https://openalex.org/W3015952109","https://openalex.org/W3022548607","https://openalex.org/W3039041915","https://openalex.org/W3081746366","https://openalex.org/W3091198668","https://openalex.org/W3092075612","https://openalex.org/W3094237440","https://openalex.org/W3094271861","https://openalex.org/W3098092829","https://openalex.org/W3098733351","https://openalex.org/W3120796849","https://openalex.org/W3128069509","https://openalex.org/W3129169326","https://openalex.org/W3132170587","https://openalex.org/W3136545240","https://openalex.org/W3164189935","https://openalex.org/W3169682761","https://openalex.org/W3173530258","https://openalex.org/W3181658859","https://openalex.org/W3186934979","https://openalex.org/W3196122589","https://openalex.org/W3197611689","https://openalex.org/W3198094612","https://openalex.org/W3198887920","https://openalex.org/W3204726977","https://openalex.org/W3206619417","https://openalex.org/W3214869545","https://openalex.org/W4200103611","https://openalex.org/W4200410255","https://openalex.org/W4391071512","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6666487912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W2124951708","https://openalex.org/W1544811710","https://openalex.org/W172072032","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forage":[0],"and":[1,10,18,32,53,69,88,101,115,133,162,174,200],"field":[2,12],"peas":[3,13],"provide":[4],"essential":[5],"nutrients":[6],"for":[7,223],"livestock":[8,16],"diets,":[9],"high-quality":[11],"can":[14],"influence":[15],"health":[17],"reduce":[19],"greenhouse":[20],"gas":[21],"emissions.":[22],"Above-ground":[23],"biomass":[24],"(AGBM)":[25],"is":[26,50],"one":[27,89],"of":[28,36,47,78],"the":[29,33,76,111,126,140,145,188,214,217,221,225],"vital":[30],"traits":[31,113,122],"primary":[34],"component":[35],"yield":[37],"in":[38,81],"forage":[39],"pea":[40,80,230],"breeding":[41,83,231],"programs.":[42],"However,":[43],"a":[44,51,66,70],"standard":[45],"method":[46],"AGBM":[48,77,167,176,227],"measurement":[49],"destructive":[52],"labor-intensive":[54],"process.":[55],"This":[56],"study":[57],"utilized":[58],"an":[59],"unmanned":[60],"aerial":[61],"vehicle":[62],"(UAV)":[63],"equipped":[64],"with":[65,118,125,165,184,209],"true-color":[67],"RGB":[68,156],"five-band":[71],"multispectral":[72],"camera":[73],"to":[74,109],"estimate":[75],"winter":[79,229],"three":[82,189],"trials":[84],"(two":[85],"seed":[86],"yields":[87],"cover":[90],"crop).":[91],"Three":[92],"processing":[93],"techniques\u2014vegetation":[94],"index":[95],"(VI),":[96],"digital":[97,112,121],"surface":[98],"model":[99,104,147],"(DSM),":[100],"3D":[102,146],"reconstruction":[103],"from":[105,144,154],"point":[106,158],"clouds\u2014were":[107],"used":[108],"extract":[110],"(height":[114,194],"volume)":[116],"associated":[117],"AGBM.":[119],"The":[120,136,191],"were":[123],"compared":[124,183],"ground":[127],"reference":[128],"data":[129],"(measured":[130],"plant":[131],"height":[132,211],"harvested":[134],"AGBM).":[135],"results":[137],"showed":[138],"that":[139],"canopy":[141,210],"volume":[142],"estimated":[143],"(alpha":[148],"shape,":[149],"\u03b1":[150],"=":[151,169,178,204],"1.5)":[152],"developed":[153],"UAV-based":[155],"imagery\u2019s":[157],"clouds":[159],"provided":[160],"consistent":[161,199],"high":[163,201],"correlation":[164,202],"fresh":[166],"(r":[168,177,203],"0.78\u20130.81,":[170],"p":[171,180,206],"&lt;":[172,181,207],"0.001)":[173,208],"dry":[175],"0.70\u20130.81,":[179],"0.001),":[182],"other":[185],"techniques":[186],"across":[187,228],"trials.":[190,232],"DSM-based":[192],"approach":[193],"at":[195],"95th":[196],"percentile)":[197],"had":[198],"0.71\u20130.95,":[205],"estimation.":[212],"Using":[213],"UAV":[215],"imagery,":[216],"proposed":[218],"approaches":[219],"demonstrated":[220],"potential":[222],"estimating":[224],"crop":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2022-05-22T00:00:00"}
