{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280620226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306","title":"Comparison of Deep Learning Models for the Classification of Noctilucent Cloud Images","display_name":"Comparison of Deep Learning Models for the Classification of Noctilucent Cloud Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280620226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2306/pdf?version=1652328161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2306/pdf?version=1652328161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065104747","display_name":"Rajendra Sapkota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-9525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajendra Sapkota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-9525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080475090","display_name":"Puneet Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-5382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004953780","display_name":"Ingrid Mann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-3265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Mann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-3265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065104747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4386,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59016002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"2306","last_page":"2306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7040643692016602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6932586431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5923953652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5916213989257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4758025109767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.4383031129837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.43289294838905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4315586984157562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4278203845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.42443597316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37572571635246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3410962224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2647552490234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.192560076713562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7040643692016602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6932586431503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5923953652381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5916213989257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4758025109767914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.4383031129837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.43289294838905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4315586984157562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4278203845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.42443597316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37572571635246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3410962224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2647552490234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.192560076713562}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2306/pdf?version=1652328161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8282ccf85c3c431ea2b3b6504d8ab49b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8282ccf85c3c431ea2b3b6504d8ab49b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 2306 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/10/2306/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 10; Pages: 2306","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/27344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/27344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/28327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14102306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102306","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/10/2306/pdf?version=1652328161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6632247274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NFR 275503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8649533871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"275503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309820","display_name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323713","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 Tekniska Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280620226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280620226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2010270784","https://openalex.org/W2051114637","https://openalex.org/W2053588049","https://openalex.org/W2061590490","https://openalex.org/W2062532859","https://openalex.org/W2095169927","https://openalex.org/W2116351246","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2132536728","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2519686314","https://openalex.org/W2532403296","https://openalex.org/W2786808285","https://openalex.org/W2792078231","https://openalex.org/W2810498841","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3124622530","https://openalex.org/W4205467428","https://openalex.org/W6663469848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W2979608518","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W3003960249","https://openalex.org/W2045053268","https://openalex.org/W1870444468","https://openalex.org/W3109748140","https://openalex.org/W2767833206","https://openalex.org/W2433492094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optically":[0],"thin":[1],"layers":[2],"of":[3,16,52,81,91,167,188],"tiny":[4],"ice":[5],"particles":[6],"near":[7],"the":[8,20,34,38,50,79,111,131,136,147,160,173,181],"summer":[9,42],"mesopause,":[10],"known":[11],"as":[12,101,153],"noctilucent":[13,82,198],"clouds,":[14],"are":[15,107,151],"significant":[17],"interest":[18],"within":[19],"aeronomy":[21],"and":[22,75,96,105,180],"climate":[23],"science":[24],"communities.":[25],"Ground-based":[26],"optical":[27],"cameras":[28],"mounted":[29],"at":[30],"various":[31,53],"locations":[32,120],"in":[33,121,177],"arctic":[35],"regions":[36,195],"collect":[37],"dataset":[39,114],"during":[40],"favorable":[41],"times.":[43],"In":[44,169],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"first,":[47],"we":[48,129],"compare":[49],"performances":[51],"deep":[54,97],"learning-based":[55],"image":[56],"classifiers":[57],"against":[58],"a":[59,186],"baseline":[60],"machine":[61,68],"learning":[62,98],"model":[63,77,162,175],"trained":[64,88],"with":[65,89,124,193,197],"support":[66],"vector":[67],"(SVM)":[69],"algorithm":[70,150],"to":[71],"identify":[72],"an":[73,164],"effective":[74],"lightweight":[76],"for":[78,135,185],"classification":[80,137],"clouds.":[83,199],"The":[84,113,142],"SVM":[85],"classifier":[86],"is":[87,172],"histogram":[90],"oriented":[92],"gradient":[93],"(HOG)":[94],"features,":[95],"models":[99],"such":[100],"SqueezeNet,":[102],"ShuffleNet,":[103],"MobileNet,":[104],"Resnet":[106],"fine-tuned":[108],"based":[109],"on":[110,139],"dataset.":[112],"includes":[115],"images":[116,190],"observed":[117],"from":[118],"different":[119],"northern":[122],"Europe":[123],"varied":[125],"weather":[126],"conditions.":[127],"Second,":[128],"investigate":[130],"most":[132],"informative":[133],"pixels":[134],"decision":[138],"test":[140,189],"images.":[141],"pixel-level":[143],"attributions":[144],"calculated":[145],"using":[146],"guide":[148],"back-propagation":[149],"visualized":[152],"saliency":[154,182],"maps.":[155],"Our":[156],"results":[157],"indicate":[158],"that":[159],"SqueezeNet":[161,171],"achieves":[163],"F1":[165],"score":[166],"0.95.":[168],"addition,":[170],"lightest":[174],"used":[176],"our":[178],"experiments,":[179],"maps":[183],"obtained":[184],"set":[187],"correspond":[191],"better":[192],"relevant":[194],"associated":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2022-05-22T00:00:00"}
