{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229365282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241","title":"Comparing the Use of Red-Edge and Near-Infrared Wavelength Ranges for Detecting Submerged Kelp Canopy","display_name":"Comparing the Use of Red-Edge and Near-Infrared Wavelength Ranges for Detecting Submerged Kelp Canopy","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229365282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2241/pdf?version=1652072535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2241/pdf?version=1652072535","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033990134","display_name":"Brian Timmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4820-2544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian Timmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spectral Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spectral Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108321813","display_name":"Luba Y. Reshitnyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087486","display_name":"Tula Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0029jxk29","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155864","display_name":"Hakai Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486","https://openalex.org/I4387155864"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luba Y. Reshitnyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486","https://openalex.org/I4387155864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113563970","display_name":"Margot Hessing\u2010Lewis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087486","display_name":"Tula Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0029jxk29","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155864","display_name":"Hakai Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486","https://openalex.org/I4387155864"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margot Hessing-Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087486","https://openalex.org/I4387155864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054916699","display_name":"Francis Juanes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-0014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Juanes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046365926","display_name":"Maycira Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-3351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maycira Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spectral Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spectral Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033990134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.5275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92226002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"2241","last_page":"2241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12073","display_name":"Isotope Analysis in Ecology","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kelp","display_name":"Kelp","score":0.9404051303863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kelp-forest","display_name":"Kelp forest","score":0.7502451539039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-edge","display_name":"Red edge","score":0.6235792636871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6056926846504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5775891542434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.4993269443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4309881925582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4145331084728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4125860929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21578487753868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.14651557803153992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13881245255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10347822308540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10205325484275818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776705890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055316","display_name":"Kelp","level":2,"score":0.9404051303863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153274386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575913","display_name":"Kelp forest","level":3,"score":0.7502451539039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776388979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3422640","display_name":"Red edge","level":3,"score":0.6235792636871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6056926846504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5775891542434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.4993269443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4309881925582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4145331084728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4125860929489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21578487753868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.14651557803153992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13881245255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10347822308540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10205325484275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2241/pdf?version=1652072535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e820c2a136da48c683b0a175f7600659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e820c2a136da48c683b0a175f7600659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 2241 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uvic.ca:1828/14355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1828/14355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401509","display_name":"UVic\u2019s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","host_organization_name":"University of Victoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/9/2241/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2241/pdf?version=1652072535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G913512696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSERC-DG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334031","display_name":"Hakai Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229365282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229365282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518917059","https://openalex.org/W1964005465","https://openalex.org/W1969753304","https://openalex.org/W1971846724","https://openalex.org/W1972888393","https://openalex.org/W1998580401","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2003966758","https://openalex.org/W2005834464","https://openalex.org/W2007939589","https://openalex.org/W2018285978","https://openalex.org/W2028844900","https://openalex.org/W2030483518","https://openalex.org/W2031447691","https://openalex.org/W2036668103","https://openalex.org/W2037884471","https://openalex.org/W2039134886","https://openalex.org/W2045862457","https://openalex.org/W2056231211","https://openalex.org/W2062225106","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2069267285","https://openalex.org/W2072233508","https://openalex.org/W2072723788","https://openalex.org/W2077607936","https://openalex.org/W2082714424","https://openalex.org/W2111443984","https://openalex.org/W2119943273","https://openalex.org/W2122755621","https://openalex.org/W2127352506","https://openalex.org/W2131227548","https://openalex.org/W2140448605","https://openalex.org/W2148728346","https://openalex.org/W2155794442","https://openalex.org/W2163084640","https://openalex.org/W2305849368","https://openalex.org/W2439944032","https://openalex.org/W2527364828","https://openalex.org/W2554163354","https://openalex.org/W2592912586","https://openalex.org/W2757909027","https://openalex.org/W2770072157","https://openalex.org/W2811407369","https://openalex.org/W2898331420","https://openalex.org/W2945858019","https://openalex.org/W2949971374","https://openalex.org/W2997805611","https://openalex.org/W3000464638","https://openalex.org/W3003765781","https://openalex.org/W3008228787","https://openalex.org/W3008994954","https://openalex.org/W3109179649","https://openalex.org/W3112398971","https://openalex.org/W3132717314","https://openalex.org/W3210335525","https://openalex.org/W4251742697","https://openalex.org/W6657525283","https://openalex.org/W6678459177","https://openalex.org/W6727818752","https://openalex.org/W6763771596","https://openalex.org/W6833387226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384662205","https://openalex.org/W4387606669","https://openalex.org/W2995337561","https://openalex.org/W4390636907","https://openalex.org/W2083038005","https://openalex.org/W1996188040","https://openalex.org/W2075053761","https://openalex.org/W4388763856","https://openalex.org/W2082221570","https://openalex.org/W4229365282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kelp":[0],"forests":[1],"are":[2],"commonly":[3],"classified":[4],"within":[5],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"imagery":[8],"by":[9],"contrasting":[10],"the":[11,15,24,27,31,44,47,54,60,66,80,92,112,137,141,145,178,189,198,205,212],"high":[12],"reflectance":[13,29,62,181,195],"in":[14,30,74,109,117,197],"near-infrared":[16,180,201,213],"spectral":[17,33],"region":[18,34],"of":[19,35,46,56,63,95,140,161,247],"kelp":[20,38,57,70,81,162,176,190,218,249,257],"canopy":[21,39,82,102],"floating":[22],"at":[23],"surface":[25,45,113],"with":[26,126,163,222,226,233],"low":[28],"same":[32],"water.":[36],"However,":[37],"is":[40],"often":[41],"submerged":[42,108,248],"below":[43],"water,":[48],"making":[49],"it":[50],"important":[51],"to":[52,68,76,91,114,157],"understand":[53],"effects":[55],"submersion":[58],"on":[59,166,177],"above-water":[61,93,123],"kelp,":[64],"and":[65,105,144,152,171,200,204,260],"depth":[67],"which":[69,251],"can":[71],"be":[72,253],"detected,":[73],"order":[75],"reduce":[77],"uncertainties":[78],"around":[79],"area":[83,259],"when":[84],"mapping":[85],"kelp.":[86],"Here,":[87],"we":[88],"characterized":[89],"changes":[90],"spectra":[94,191],"Nereocystis":[96],"luetkeana":[97],"(Bull":[98],"kelp)":[99],"as":[100],"different":[101],"structures":[103],"(bulb":[104],"blades)":[106],"were":[107,134,155],"water":[110],"from":[111],"100":[115],"cm":[116,119],"10":[118],"increments,":[120],"while":[121],"collecting":[122],"hyperspectral":[124,132],"measurements":[125],"a":[127,164,216,227,234],"spectroradiometer":[128],"(325\u20131075":[129],"nm).":[130],"The":[131],"data":[133],"simulated":[135],"into":[136],"multispectral":[138],"bandwidths":[139],"WorldView-3":[142],"satellite":[143],"Micasense":[146],"RedEdge-MX":[147],"unoccupied":[148],"aerial":[149],"vehicle":[150],"sensors":[151],"vegetation":[153,223],"indices":[154,224],"calculated":[156,225,232],"compare":[158],"detection":[159,246],"limits":[160],"focus":[165],"differences":[167],"between":[168],"red":[169],"edge":[170],"near":[172,235],"infrared":[173,236],"indices.":[174],"For":[175],"surface,":[179],"was":[182,208,219],"higher":[183,210],"than":[184,211],"red-edge":[185,199,206,228,243],"reflectance.":[186],"Once":[187],"submerged,":[188],"showed":[192],"two":[193],"narrow":[194],"peaks":[196],"wavelength":[202],"ranges,":[203],"peak":[207],"consistently":[209],"peak.":[214],"As":[215],"result,":[217],"detected":[220],"deeper":[221],"band":[229],"versus":[230],"those":[231],"band.":[237],"Our":[238],"results":[239],"show":[240],"that":[241],"using":[242],"bands":[244],"increased":[245],"canopy,":[250],"may":[252],"beneficial":[254],"for":[255],"estimating":[256],"surface-canopy":[258],"biomass.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}