{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225004702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087","title":"The Potential of 3-D Building Height Data to Characterize Socioeconomic Activities: A Case Study from 38 Cities in China","display_name":"The Potential of 3-D Building Height Data to Characterize Socioeconomic Activities: A Case Study from 38 Cities in China","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225004702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2087/pdf?version=1651737085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2087/pdf?version=1651737085","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066006958","display_name":"Guojiang Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053906408","display_name":"Zixuan Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011145539","display_name":"Xuecao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6942-0746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuecao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408453","display_name":"Yixuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6716-700X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046271690","display_name":"Jianxi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0341-1983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038634873","display_name":"Xiaochuang Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-9415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochuang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011145539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987","https://openalex.org/I52158045"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3603,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79000831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"2087","last_page":"2087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.7283027768135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.6893844604492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5543417930603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.5214259624481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4227978587150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3836277723312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.36319971084594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3544732332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3410722017288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1371748149394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.10549280047416687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7283027768135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6893844604492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5543417930603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5214259624481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4227978587150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3836277723312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.36319971084594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3544732332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3410722017288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1371748149394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10549280047416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2087/pdf?version=1651737085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4380db04d23a430c895e093d17a9ac0e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4380db04d23a430c895e093d17a9ac0e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 2087 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/9/2087/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 9; Pages: 2087","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2087/pdf?version=1651737085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8798820439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225004702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225004702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977356088","https://openalex.org/W2003193164","https://openalex.org/W2023046147","https://openalex.org/W2083028730","https://openalex.org/W2096590148","https://openalex.org/W2099524593","https://openalex.org/W2117737507","https://openalex.org/W2122883581","https://openalex.org/W2143022143","https://openalex.org/W2460563573","https://openalex.org/W2583359541","https://openalex.org/W2731687682","https://openalex.org/W2767538232","https://openalex.org/W2771160549","https://openalex.org/W2796539719","https://openalex.org/W2884912765","https://openalex.org/W2886607263","https://openalex.org/W2888272767","https://openalex.org/W2890148413","https://openalex.org/W2892514305","https://openalex.org/W2898070142","https://openalex.org/W2898669139","https://openalex.org/W2900541403","https://openalex.org/W2902175838","https://openalex.org/W2908284181","https://openalex.org/W2929645135","https://openalex.org/W2944563459","https://openalex.org/W2976680015","https://openalex.org/W2980629735","https://openalex.org/W2985566002","https://openalex.org/W2990323597","https://openalex.org/W3005667247","https://openalex.org/W3042661716","https://openalex.org/W3043543431","https://openalex.org/W3110472059","https://openalex.org/W3153979796","https://openalex.org/W3178235138","https://openalex.org/W3187883086","https://openalex.org/W3206632822","https://openalex.org/W6758052434","https://openalex.org/W6799436884"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294536920","https://openalex.org/W3148130686","https://openalex.org/W2037749514","https://openalex.org/W2411338097","https://openalex.org/W2375836089","https://openalex.org/W4388832383","https://openalex.org/W2504367709","https://openalex.org/W2015666588","https://openalex.org/W2043566625","https://openalex.org/W2882344788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"forms":[1,28,96],"are":[2],"closely":[3],"related":[4],"to":[5,12,149,186],"the":[6,22,39,60,70,76,90,110,128,134,150,157,161,177],"urban":[7,27,42,95,137,193],"environment,":[8],"providing":[9],"great":[10,184],"potential":[11,185],"analyze":[13],"human":[14],"socioeconomic":[15,30,45,99,171],"activities.":[16,172],"However,":[17],"limited":[18],"studies":[19,191],"have":[20],"investigated":[21],"impacts":[23],"of":[24,79,92,143,152,163,183,190],"three-dimensional":[25],"(3-D)":[26],"on":[29,74],"activities":[31,46,100],"across":[32,119],"cities.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37,58,88,108],"explored":[38],"relationship":[40,111],"between":[41,112,136],"form":[43,138],"and":[44,64,82,116,139,199],"using":[47,101],"3-D":[48,164,178],"building":[49,61,67,80,117,129,158,165,179],"height":[50,81,130,166,180],"data":[51,63,167],"from":[52,156],"38":[53,120],"cities":[54,121],"in":[55,97,122,168,192],"China.":[56,123],"First,":[57],"aggregated":[59],"footprint":[62],"calculated":[65],"three":[66],"indicators":[68],"at":[69],"grid":[71],"scale,":[72],"based":[73],"which":[75],"spatial":[77],"patterns":[78,142],"road":[83,113,144,153],"density":[84,114,154],"were":[85,146],"analyzed.":[86],"Then,":[87],"examined":[89],"capacities":[91],"two-dimensional":[93],"(2D)/3D":[94],"characterizing":[98],"satellite-derived":[102],"nighttime":[103],"light":[104],"(NTL)":[105],"data.":[106],"Finally,":[107],"analyzed":[109],"distributions":[115],"heights":[118],"Our":[124,173],"results":[125],"suggest":[126],"that":[127,176],"information":[131,181],"can":[132],"improve":[133],"correlation":[135],"NTL.":[140],"Different":[141],"distribution":[145,151,198],"revealed":[147],"according":[148],"change":[155],"hotspots,":[159],"showing":[160],"capacity":[162],"helping":[169],"characterize":[170],"study":[174],"indicates":[175],"is":[182],"support":[187],"a":[188],"variety":[189],"domains,":[194],"such":[195],"as":[196],"population":[197],"carbon":[200],"emissions,":[201],"with":[202],"significantly":[203],"improved":[204],"capacities.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}