{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224951875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054","title":"Vertical Ground Displacements and Its Impact on Erosion along the Karachi Coastline, Pakistan","display_name":"Vertical Ground Displacements and Its Impact on Erosion along the Karachi Coastline, Pakistan","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224951875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2054/pdf?version=1650878353","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2054/pdf?version=1650878353","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084416710","display_name":"Shamsa Kanwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shamsa Kanwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-9949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008517057","display_name":"Xiaoli Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5733-3629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5733-3629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086868223","display_name":"Songbo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2118-0963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songbo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2118-0963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071495414","display_name":"Muhammad Sajjad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-1342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geo-Computation Studies and Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-1342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geo-Computation Studies and Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084416710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":2.311,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86597351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"2054","last_page":"2054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6311683654785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erosion","display_name":"Erosion","score":0.5648152232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indus","display_name":"Indus","score":0.5258705615997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.494092732667923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-erosion","display_name":"Coastal erosion","score":0.4679732918739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.448192298412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4174076020717621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.25842049717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.0934918224811554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6311683654785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.5648152232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9836676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10450","display_name":"Indus","level":3,"score":0.5258705615997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.494092732667923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154261466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1542312","display_name":"Coastal erosion","level":3,"score":0.4679732918739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.448192298412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4174076020717621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.25842049717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0934918224811554}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2054/pdf?version=1650878353","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/99963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/99963","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/99963/1/Kanwal_Vertical_Ground_Displacements.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a95e76cd829d4f038f9452bc4b6f3323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a95e76cd829d4f038f9452bc4b6f3323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 2054 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/349718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/349718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/9/2054/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14092054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092054","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2054/pdf?version=1650878353","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G586996013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"152233/19E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327181","display_name":"Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224951875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224951875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551002609","https://openalex.org/W1600072465","https://openalex.org/W1823191327","https://openalex.org/W1922306730","https://openalex.org/W1974249586","https://openalex.org/W1990469714","https://openalex.org/W2032903410","https://openalex.org/W2056702973","https://openalex.org/W2064723442","https://openalex.org/W2075974162","https://openalex.org/W2077282160","https://openalex.org/W2082153546","https://openalex.org/W2090451685","https://openalex.org/W2090927318","https://openalex.org/W2092816129","https://openalex.org/W2117902710","https://openalex.org/W2139938659","https://openalex.org/W2141453586","https://openalex.org/W2170679394","https://openalex.org/W2183140688","https://openalex.org/W2187400002","https://openalex.org/W2263922105","https://openalex.org/W2270994493","https://openalex.org/W2346588754","https://openalex.org/W2474698416","https://openalex.org/W2487917134","https://openalex.org/W2556300628","https://openalex.org/W2734709173","https://openalex.org/W2740852674","https://openalex.org/W2777723490","https://openalex.org/W2792211776","https://openalex.org/W2801765526","https://openalex.org/W2885618150","https://openalex.org/W2890423709","https://openalex.org/W2901619539","https://openalex.org/W2906164057","https://openalex.org/W2913169213","https://openalex.org/W2996323992","https://openalex.org/W2997926755","https://openalex.org/W3000387561","https://openalex.org/W3009479769","https://openalex.org/W3025311687","https://openalex.org/W3134915449","https://openalex.org/W3137600511","https://openalex.org/W3186961275","https://openalex.org/W6638314980","https://openalex.org/W6643864430","https://openalex.org/W6685901938","https://openalex.org/W6686553086","https://openalex.org/W6772680955","https://openalex.org/W6774539547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861936919","https://openalex.org/W1571827722","https://openalex.org/W2012109028","https://openalex.org/W38853504","https://openalex.org/W4319779838","https://openalex.org/W2728583233","https://openalex.org/W2105957571","https://openalex.org/W38660292","https://openalex.org/W3016441484","https://openalex.org/W2078661100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,77,83,138,198,208],"employed":[2],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"(optical":[5],"and":[6,10,19,64,70,145,180,210,253,258,284],"synthetic":[7],"aperture":[8],"radar)":[9],"data":[11],"analysis":[12],"techniques":[13],"to":[14,23,76,105,152,160,227,289],"quantify":[15],"vertical":[16,78],"ground":[17,79,201,222,251],"displacements":[18,80,202,252],"assess":[20],"their":[21],"contribution":[22],"coastline":[24,42,99,165,234,254,276],"erosion.":[25,133],"To":[26],"provide":[27],"evidence":[28],"from":[29,60,150],"Pakistan,":[30],"we":[31],"selected":[32],"the":[33,40,44,55,61,68,82,97,111,121,137,141,162,187,190,193,197,200,207,212,233,290,294],"coast":[34,142],"of":[35,43,123,136,164,183,192,196,216,225,250],"Karachi\u2014a":[36],"mega-city":[37],"located":[38],"along":[39,96,129,140,211],"dynamic":[41],"Indus":[45],"River":[46],"Delta\u2014which":[47],"has":[48],"been":[49],"experiencing":[50],"severe":[51],"coastal":[52,132],"erosion":[53,166,188,240,255,277],"during":[54,89],"last":[56],"few":[57],"decades.":[58],"Observations":[59],"C-band":[62],"Envisat/ASAR":[63],"Sentinel-1A":[65],"sensors":[66],"over":[67],"2004\u20132010":[69],"2014\u20132016":[71],"periods,":[72],"respectively,":[73],"enabled":[74],"us":[75],"in":[81,126,293,297],"area,":[84,199],"providing":[85],"a":[86],"long-term":[87],"assessment":[88],"2004\u20132016.":[90],"Results":[91,267],"suggest":[92],"that":[93,269],"some":[94],"areas":[95],"Karachi":[98],"are":[100,143,287],"subsiding":[101],"at":[102],"comparable":[103],"rates":[104,122,215,224,241],"or":[106],"even":[107],"much":[108],"higher":[109],"than":[110],"relative":[112,124],"sea-level":[113],"rise":[114],"(SLR,":[115],"~1.9":[116],"mm/yr),":[117],"which":[118],"may":[119],"amplify":[120],"SLR":[125],"coming":[127],"years,":[128],"with":[130,221,236,244],"accelerating":[131],"Various":[134],"parts":[135],"area":[139,209],"unstable":[144],"undergoing":[146],"displacement.":[147],"Landsat":[148],"images":[149],"1989":[151],"2018":[153],"(10-year":[154],"temporal":[155],"resolution)":[156],"were":[157,203,242,256,260],"further":[158],"used":[159],"examine":[161],"state":[163],"using":[167],"three":[168],"statistical":[169],"approaches":[170],"(i.e.,":[171],"End":[172],"Point":[173],"Rate":[174,178],"(EPR),":[175],"Linear":[176],"Regression":[177],"(LRR),":[179],"Least":[181],"Median":[182],"Squares":[184],"(LMS)).":[185],"While":[186],"underlaid":[189],"majority":[191],"eastern":[194],"sections":[195],"spatially":[204,219],"heterogeneous":[205],"across":[206],"coastline.":[213],"Erosion":[214],"~2.4":[217],"m/yr":[218],"corresponded":[220],"displacement":[223,296],"up":[226],"~\u22121.4":[228],"cm/yr,":[229],"but":[230],"not":[231],"all":[232],"segments":[235],"high":[237],"annual":[238],"mean":[239,246],"associated":[243],"local":[245],"subsidence.":[247],"The":[248],"causes":[249],"analyzed,":[257],"results":[259],"interpreted":[261],"by":[262],"integrating":[263],"spatial":[264],"ancillary":[265],"information.":[266],"indicate":[268],"rapid":[270],"urbanization,":[271],"construction":[272],"on":[273],"reclaimed":[274],"land,":[275],"favoring":[278],"seawater":[279],"intrusion,":[280],"failed":[281],"drainage/sewerage":[282],"networks,":[283],"soil":[285],"liquefaction":[286],"contributing":[288],"site-specific":[291],"variations":[292],"land":[295],"Karachi.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
