{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224270259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983","title":"Stand Canopy Closure Estimation in Planted Forests Using a Geometric-Optical Model Based on Remote Sensing","display_name":"Stand Canopy Closure Estimation in Planted Forests Using a Geometric-Optical Model Based on Remote Sensing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224270259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1983/pdf?version=1650532043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1983/pdf?version=1650532043","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061747594","display_name":"Xiguang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689461","display_name":"Northeast Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yxnh564","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiguang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-6836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101725923","display_name":"Ping He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7691-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689461","display_name":"Northeast Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yxnh564","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040669657","display_name":"Ying Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-3271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689461","display_name":"Northeast Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yxnh564","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-3271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380551","display_name":"Wenyi Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-2020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689461","display_name":"Northeast Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yxnh564","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyi Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management\u2014Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040669657"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689461"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7788,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65651218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"1983","last_page":"1983"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.8842986822128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.6131573915481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6088002920150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.5759609341621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5294406414031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transect","display_name":"Transect","score":0.5079343914985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.42152926325798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.37593957781791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3053557872772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19083473086357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15323111414909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11560562252998352}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.8842986822128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.6131573915481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6088002920150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5759609341621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5294406414031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69661492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1447141","display_name":"Transect","level":2,"score":0.5079343914985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.42152926325798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.37593957781791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3053557872772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19083473086357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15323111414909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11560562252998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1983/pdf?version=1650532043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea0956af1ae54b4a8e505b4a45642685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea0956af1ae54b4a8e505b4a45642685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 1983 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/9/1983/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 9; Pages: 1983","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091983","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1983/pdf?version=1650532043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2726665149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31870621, 31971580","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5099372830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31971580","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5548696830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M661239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6735560056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2572019CP12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7214058251","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31870621","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G845920423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2572019BA10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8940606745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2572021BA08, 2572019BA10, 2572019CP12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224270259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224270259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588437159","https://openalex.org/W633320881","https://openalex.org/W1452467712","https://openalex.org/W1565776798","https://openalex.org/W1964656717","https://openalex.org/W1966406940","https://openalex.org/W1972109823","https://openalex.org/W1976412338","https://openalex.org/W1978160572","https://openalex.org/W1981925508","https://openalex.org/W1997524427","https://openalex.org/W2002692686","https://openalex.org/W2004036707","https://openalex.org/W2007253139","https://openalex.org/W2018248490","https://openalex.org/W2019549520","https://openalex.org/W2022704501","https://openalex.org/W2023585515","https://openalex.org/W2026200869","https://openalex.org/W2029654245","https://openalex.org/W2034187138","https://openalex.org/W2039810213","https://openalex.org/W2041876579","https://openalex.org/W2056805770","https://openalex.org/W2061918237","https://openalex.org/W2063418562","https://openalex.org/W2066612219","https://openalex.org/W2069310382","https://openalex.org/W2072296145","https://openalex.org/W2080415664","https://openalex.org/W2082641174","https://openalex.org/W2083565284","https://openalex.org/W2086783159","https://openalex.org/W2094181223","https://openalex.org/W2096682311","https://openalex.org/W2099704405","https://openalex.org/W2099792467","https://openalex.org/W2113724293","https://openalex.org/W2118935088","https://openalex.org/W2129428798","https://openalex.org/W2132926714","https://openalex.org/W2133237420","https://openalex.org/W2133556703","https://openalex.org/W2137117739","https://openalex.org/W2148634673","https://openalex.org/W2152653874","https://openalex.org/W2160310055","https://openalex.org/W2166181196","https://openalex.org/W2198531813","https://openalex.org/W2241398974","https://openalex.org/W2296685749","https://openalex.org/W2334020449","https://openalex.org/W2365496505","https://openalex.org/W2378955752","https://openalex.org/W2470140782","https://openalex.org/W2520068811","https://openalex.org/W2522929097","https://openalex.org/W2525095237","https://openalex.org/W2531185277","https://openalex.org/W2585356374","https://openalex.org/W2611080000","https://openalex.org/W2611139051","https://openalex.org/W2615062313","https://openalex.org/W2755754083","https://openalex.org/W2764231415","https://openalex.org/W2788187892","https://openalex.org/W2795604045","https://openalex.org/W2883939163","https://openalex.org/W2891829124","https://openalex.org/W2912203297","https://openalex.org/W2974144021","https://openalex.org/W3008033423","https://openalex.org/W3022072687","https://openalex.org/W3027652246","https://openalex.org/W3086568486","https://openalex.org/W3195841845","https://openalex.org/W3206165964","https://openalex.org/W4200412506","https://openalex.org/W4200459459","https://openalex.org/W6649584041","https://openalex.org/W6671633966","https://openalex.org/W6681942331","https://openalex.org/W6707318708","https://openalex.org/W6709484910","https://openalex.org/W6776433784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2497950047","https://openalex.org/W1998329507","https://openalex.org/W2053112303","https://openalex.org/W3004500891","https://openalex.org/W3208027284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Canopy":[0],"closure,":[1],"which":[2],"is":[3,31],"the":[4,7,12,15,22,51,65,89,96,114,123,128,132,149,166,172,177],"ratio":[5],"of":[6,11,17,27,32,55,101,127,143,153,171],"vertical":[8],"projection":[9],"area":[10,16,126],"crowns":[13],"to":[14,49],"forest":[18,29,36,76,86],"land,":[19],"can":[20,183],"indicate":[21],"growth":[23],"and":[24,30,83,98,105,131,140,145,151,161],"tending":[25],"situation":[26],"a":[28,42,56,59,119,162,185,192],"great":[33],"significance":[34],"for":[35,187],"management":[37],"planning.":[38],"In":[39,70],"this":[40,71,154],"study,":[41,72],"geometric-optical":[43,193],"model":[44],"(GOST":[45],"model)":[46],"was":[47,68,134,179],"used":[48],"simulate":[50],"canopy":[52,60,167,173,188],"gap":[53,66,115],"fraction":[54,67,116],"forest.":[57],"Then,":[58],"closure":[61,174,189],"estimation":[62,190],"method":[63,155],"using":[64,158,191],"discussed.":[69],"three":[73],"typical":[74],"planted":[75,92],"farms":[77],"(the":[78],"Mengjiagang":[79],"(MJG),":[80],"Gaofeng":[81],"(GF),":[82],"Wangyedian":[84],"(WYD)":[85],"farms)":[87],"containing":[88],"most":[90],"commonly":[91],"tree":[93,129],"species":[94],"in":[95],"north":[97],"south":[99],"regions":[100],"China":[102],"were":[103,108,156],"selected,":[104],"field":[106],"measurements":[107],"executed.":[109],"The":[110,169],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113],"(Pvg-c)":[117],"had":[118],"higher":[120],"correlation":[121],"with":[122,138],"average":[124],"projected":[125],"crowns,":[130],"relationship":[133],"an":[135],"exponential":[136],"function,":[137],"R2":[139],"RMSE":[141],"values":[142],"0.5619":[144],"0.0723,":[146],"respectively.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"applicability":[150],"accuracy":[152,170],"evaluated":[157],"line":[159],"transects,":[160],"fisheye":[163],"camera":[164],"measured":[165],"closure.":[168],"estimated":[175],"by":[176],"Pvg-c":[178],"86.69%.":[180],"This":[181],"research":[182],"provide":[184],"reference":[186],"model.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}