{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224271852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977","title":"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 Satellite Images, and Google Earth Engine: A Comparison of Two Composition Methods","display_name":"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 Satellite Images, and Google Earth Engine: A Comparison of Two Composition Methods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224271852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1977/pdf?version=1650448908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1977/pdf?version=1650448908","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061091258","display_name":"Vahid Nasiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2819-142X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Nasiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069638742","display_name":"Azade Deljoue\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-8530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azade Deljouei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012002283","display_name":"Fardin Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0036-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fardin Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 14176-43184, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001636034","display_name":"Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5562-6770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069405475","display_name":"Stelian Alexandru Borz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-7235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stelian Alexandru Borz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, \u015eirul Beethoven 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069638742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":33.6127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":222,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99877089,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"1977","last_page":"1977"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6960216760635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.6152231097221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6072738170623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5612375736236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5281602740287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-cover","display_name":"Cloud cover","score":0.5058243274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.49723055958747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4172183871269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.35885143280029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16534671187400818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6960216760635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.6152231097221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6072738170623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5612375736236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5281602740287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.5058243274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.49723055958747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4172183871269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.35885143280029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16534671187400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1977/pdf?version=1650448908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fb6ef5ee998460dbd177524ce7662f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fb6ef5ee998460dbd177524ce7662f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 1977 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/9/1977/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 9; Pages: 1977","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14091977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/1977/pdf?version=1650448908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322623","display_name":"Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224271852.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224271852.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518917059","https://openalex.org/W1554190159","https://openalex.org/W1998842586","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2029750606","https://openalex.org/W2037455286","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2063944200","https://openalex.org/W2072633546","https://openalex.org/W2116623865","https://openalex.org/W2188083314","https://openalex.org/W2218047931","https://openalex.org/W2273708466","https://openalex.org/W2293346927","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2621021710","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2750585339","https://openalex.org/W2754093725","https://openalex.org/W2755803111","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2795268736","https://openalex.org/W2807838091","https://openalex.org/W2884474920","https://openalex.org/W2889983979","https://openalex.org/W2890225206","https://openalex.org/W2890248767","https://openalex.org/W2903689264","https://openalex.org/W2907200564","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912717711","https://openalex.org/W2913065079","https://openalex.org/W2913976808","https://openalex.org/W2914129519","https://openalex.org/W2932298758","https://openalex.org/W2944787920","https://openalex.org/W2945667213","https://openalex.org/W2946670873","https://openalex.org/W2952204377","https://openalex.org/W2972170785","https://openalex.org/W2976120863","https://openalex.org/W2993182755","https://openalex.org/W2996690471","https://openalex.org/W2996948100","https://openalex.org/W2996984840","https://openalex.org/W3002639097","https://openalex.org/W3013568459","https://openalex.org/W3013879714","https://openalex.org/W3029752803","https://openalex.org/W3037021879","https://openalex.org/W3044346084","https://openalex.org/W3045585619","https://openalex.org/W3088028382","https://openalex.org/W3088162569","https://openalex.org/W3090964982","https://openalex.org/W3106378566","https://openalex.org/W3114429882","https://openalex.org/W3127157373","https://openalex.org/W3127729533","https://openalex.org/W3135378836","https://openalex.org/W3147179755","https://openalex.org/W3156957821","https://openalex.org/W3175001099","https://openalex.org/W3175987719","https://openalex.org/W3185051919","https://openalex.org/W3195897758","https://openalex.org/W3196524215","https://openalex.org/W3206165964","https://openalex.org/W3209089785","https://openalex.org/W3211350324","https://openalex.org/W3214058641","https://openalex.org/W3216933472","https://openalex.org/W3217286308","https://openalex.org/W3217586766","https://openalex.org/W3217764757","https://openalex.org/W4200015522","https://openalex.org/W4200179324","https://openalex.org/W4200256103","https://openalex.org/W4200286965","https://openalex.org/W4200375520","https://openalex.org/W4200542845","https://openalex.org/W4200550577","https://openalex.org/W4200595644","https://openalex.org/W4205193269","https://openalex.org/W4205262091","https://openalex.org/W4205617034","https://openalex.org/W4206480622","https://openalex.org/W4206571524","https://openalex.org/W4206665629","https://openalex.org/W4207001596","https://openalex.org/W4210397698","https://openalex.org/W4210474671","https://openalex.org/W4221015213","https://openalex.org/W4224920436","https://openalex.org/W4229067949","https://openalex.org/W6659552385","https://openalex.org/W6754534910","https://openalex.org/W6780996866","https://openalex.org/W6790275959","https://openalex.org/W6805029115","https://openalex.org/W6805163190","https://openalex.org/W6807412023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163","https://openalex.org/W3205068641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,18,35,46,62,99,118,134,146,168,187,236,239],"real-time":[2],"land":[3],"use/land":[4],"cover":[5],"(LULC)":[6],"maps":[7,227],"are":[8,41],"important":[9,151],"to":[10,79,94,123,203,206],"provide":[11,207],"precise":[12],"information":[13,209],"for":[14,147],"dynamic":[15],"monitoring,":[16],"planning,":[17],"management":[19],"of":[20,26,74,110,174,198,214],"the":[21,24,72,86,105,149,158,161,166,172,192,195,211],"Earth.":[22],"With":[23],"advent":[25],"cloud":[27,91,230],"computing":[28,92,231],"platforms,":[29],"time":[30,68,102,130,189],"series":[31,69,103],"feature":[32],"extraction":[33],"techniques,":[34],"machine":[36,76],"learning":[37,77],"classifiers,":[38],"new":[39],"opportunities":[40],"arising":[42],"in":[43,143,184,233,243],"more":[44],"accurate":[45,81,235],"large-scale":[47,244],"LULC":[48,82,144,216,226,245],"mapping.":[49,246],"In":[50],"this":[51,222],"study,":[52],"we":[53,219],"aimed":[54],"at":[55,165],"finding":[56],"out":[57],"how":[58],"two":[59],"composition":[60,113,175],"methods":[61,176],"spectral\u2013temporal":[63,163],"metrics":[64,164,183],"extracted":[65],"from":[66],"satellite":[67,129],"can":[70,224,240],"affect":[71],"ability":[73,205],"a":[75],"classifier":[78,140],"produce":[80,225],"maps.":[83],"We":[84],"used":[85,122,142,242],"Google":[87],"Earth":[88],"Engine":[89],"(GEE)":[90],"platform":[93],"create":[95],"cloud-free":[96],"Sentinel-2":[97],"(S-2)":[98],"Landsat-8":[100],"(L-8)":[101],"over":[104],"Tehran":[106],"Province":[107],"(Iran)":[108],"as":[109],"2020.":[111],"Two":[112],"methods,":[114],"namely,":[115],"seasonal":[116,179,199],"composites":[117,180,200],"percentiles":[119],"metrics,":[120],"were":[121],"define":[124],"four":[125],"datasets":[126],"based":[127,228],"on":[128,229],"series,":[131],"vegetation":[132],"indices,":[133],"topographic":[135],"layers.":[136],"The":[137],"random":[138],"forest":[139],"was":[141,201],"classification":[145],"identifying":[148],"most":[150],"variables.":[152],"Accuracy":[153],"assessment":[154],"results":[155],"showed":[156],"that":[157,178,221],"S-2":[159,186],"outperformed":[160,181],"L-8":[162,188],"overall":[167],"class":[169,193],"level.":[170],"Moreover,":[171],"comparison":[173],"indicated":[177],"percentile":[182],"both":[185],"series.":[190],"At":[191],"level,":[194],"improved":[196],"performance":[197],"related":[202],"their":[204],"better":[208],"about":[210],"phenological":[212],"variation":[213],"different":[215],"classes.":[217],"Finally,":[218],"conclude":[220],"methodology":[223],"GEE":[232],"an":[234],"fast":[237],"way":[238],"be":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}