{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224239155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895","title":"Application of an Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm in Real-Time Detection of Foreign Objects by Ground Penetrating Radar","display_name":"Application of an Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm in Real-Time Detection of Foreign Objects by Ground Penetrating Radar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224239155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1895/pdf?version=1649936530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1895/pdf?version=1649936530","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009807855","display_name":"Qiu Zhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6757-3255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100568186","display_name":"Zuoxi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zuoxi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011093287","display_name":"Shaoji Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoji Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088645411","display_name":"Junyuan Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyuan Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004309087","display_name":"Borui Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borui Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Technologies and Equipment Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100568186"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":9.4002,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98983217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"1895","last_page":"1895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9745417833328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6433920860290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5689928531646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4911489188671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4601609706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45485925674438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3745042681694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26518577337265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2460479438304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11558344960212708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9745417833328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6433920860290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5689928531646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4911489188671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4601609706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45485925674438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3745042681694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26518577337265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2460479438304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11558344960212708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1895/pdf?version=1649936530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0531fc5f728542fda4ed1574ac0030ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0531fc5f728542fda4ed1574ac0030ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 1895 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/8/1895/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 8; Pages: 1895","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081895","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1895/pdf?version=1649936530","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224239155.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224239155.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978204162","https://openalex.org/W2035752142","https://openalex.org/W2040353793","https://openalex.org/W2080910636","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2151367434","https://openalex.org/W2401477020","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2602186072","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2790327408","https://openalex.org/W2790730952","https://openalex.org/W2793304020","https://openalex.org/W2793779484","https://openalex.org/W2883511843","https://openalex.org/W2890379598","https://openalex.org/W2905734412","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2967184538","https://openalex.org/W3017334782","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3087883916","https://openalex.org/W3098645781","https://openalex.org/W3102503485","https://openalex.org/W3112244472","https://openalex.org/W3117123720","https://openalex.org/W3119714521","https://openalex.org/W3121027642","https://openalex.org/W3126746857","https://openalex.org/W3158114921","https://openalex.org/W3159536862","https://openalex.org/W3176659256","https://openalex.org/W3192673362","https://openalex.org/W3194790201","https://openalex.org/W3199752825","https://openalex.org/W4239241393","https://openalex.org/W6820661811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground":[0],"penetrating":[1,181],"radar":[2],"(GPR)":[3],"detection":[4,56,70,144,147,151],"is":[5,25,93,194],"a":[6,59,68,171],"popular":[7],"technology":[8,71],"in":[9,33,95,126,148,190],"civil":[10],"engineering.":[11],"Because":[12],"of":[13,16,38,47,54,72,81,115,128,142,157,178,186],"its":[14],"advantages":[15],"non-destructive":[17],"testing":[18],"(NDT)":[19],"and":[20,58,102,104,120,145,165],"high":[21,60],"work":[22,45],"efficiency,":[23],"GPR":[24,39,73,90,100,117,150],"widely":[26],"used":[27],"to":[28,52,110],"detect":[29],"hard":[30],"foreign":[31,83,188],"objects":[32],"soil.":[34],"However,":[35],"the":[36,44,79,89,99,105,112,116,122,129,140,154,175,179,183,187,191],"interpretation":[37],"images":[40],"relies":[41],"heavily":[42],"on":[43,75],"experience":[46],"researchers,":[48],"which":[49],"may":[50],"lead":[51],"problems":[53,141],"low":[55],"efficiency":[57],"false":[61,143],"recognition":[62],"rate.":[63],"Therefore,":[64],"this":[65,87,137],"paper":[66],"proposes":[67],"real-time":[69,149],"based":[74],"deep":[76],"learning":[77],"for":[78,174],"application":[80],"soil":[82,193],"object":[84],"detection.":[85],"In":[86],"study,":[88],"image":[91,106,118,123],"signal":[92],"obtained":[94],"real":[96],"time":[97],"by":[98,152,169],"instrument":[101],"software,":[103],"signals":[107,119],"are":[108],"preprocessed":[109],"improve":[111,121],"signal-to-noise":[113],"ratio":[114],"quality.":[124],"Then,":[125],"view":[127],"problem":[130],"that":[131],"YOLOv5":[132],"poorly":[133],"detects":[134],"small":[135],"targets,":[136],"study":[138],"improves":[139],"missed":[146],"improving":[153],"network":[155],"structure":[156],"YOLOv5,":[158],"adding":[159],"an":[160],"attention":[161],"mechanism,":[162],"data":[163],"enhancement,":[164],"other":[166],"means.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"establishing":[170],"regression":[172],"equation":[173],"position":[176],"information":[177],"ground":[180],"radar,":[182],"precise":[184],"localization":[185],"matter":[189],"underground":[192],"realized.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}