{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223502405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","title":"Adaptive Multi-Pedestrian Tracking by Multi-Sensor: Track-to-Track Fusion Using Monocular 3D Detection and MMW Radar","display_name":"Adaptive Multi-Pedestrian Tracking by Multi-Sensor: Track-to-Track Fusion Using Monocular 3D Detection and MMW Radar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223502405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015245006","display_name":"Yipeng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yipeng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453544","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-0599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhoushan 316000, China","Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316000, China","Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China","State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhoushan 316000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039356472","display_name":"Shiqiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-4001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China","Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100453544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89221441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"1837","last_page":"1837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7858930826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7441591620445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7404574155807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.6105954051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5388102531433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5275311470031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5187609195709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4800880551338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.4731922149658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4729314148426056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.4482019543647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.42819511890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1031821072101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07445526123046875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7858930826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7441591620445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7404574155807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.6105954051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5388102531433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5275311470031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5187609195709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4800880551338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.4731922149658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4729314148426056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4482019543647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.42819511890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1031821072101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07445526123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c9edd7676d946b7a3b1dbb474de0b28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c9edd7676d946b7a3b1dbb474de0b28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 1837 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/8/1837/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 8; Pages: 1837","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501739804","https://openalex.org/W1970686984","https://openalex.org/W1973092432","https://openalex.org/W2014787937","https://openalex.org/W2020934227","https://openalex.org/W2031031248","https://openalex.org/W2048368220","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2124781496","https://openalex.org/W2126885789","https://openalex.org/W2127923214","https://openalex.org/W2138302688","https://openalex.org/W2150440166","https://openalex.org/W2150478023","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2283849249","https://openalex.org/W2296664252","https://openalex.org/W2344923532","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2805964635","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2896249524","https://openalex.org/W2911486422","https://openalex.org/W2949860773","https://openalex.org/W2962820842","https://openalex.org/W2962855257","https://openalex.org/W2962888833","https://openalex.org/W2963188159","https://openalex.org/W2963794551","https://openalex.org/W2967769627","https://openalex.org/W2971926293","https://openalex.org/W2973616902","https://openalex.org/W2983227562","https://openalex.org/W2986097283","https://openalex.org/W2989738721","https://openalex.org/W2989940015","https://openalex.org/W2995636593","https://openalex.org/W2996945478","https://openalex.org/W2997790735","https://openalex.org/W3000171824","https://openalex.org/W3006643904","https://openalex.org/W3048035347","https://openalex.org/W3101703006","https://openalex.org/W3105073457","https://openalex.org/W3106237718","https://openalex.org/W3118132944","https://openalex.org/W3118479569","https://openalex.org/W3118578253","https://openalex.org/W3120148904","https://openalex.org/W3125678055","https://openalex.org/W3127362370","https://openalex.org/W3132328797","https://openalex.org/W3132607695","https://openalex.org/W3135204376","https://openalex.org/W3138406528","https://openalex.org/W3146688301","https://openalex.org/W3164183382","https://openalex.org/W3172560577","https://openalex.org/W3176287975","https://openalex.org/W3176821088","https://openalex.org/W4211164258","https://openalex.org/W4244635056","https://openalex.org/W6719813498","https://openalex.org/W6770149137","https://openalex.org/W6781714762","https://openalex.org/W6796503337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433","https://openalex.org/W1489621653","https://openalex.org/W1938087941","https://openalex.org/W1582120664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,15,35,66,175,193,202],"reliable":[2],"tracking":[3,59,189,209],"of":[4,7,38,111,149,180,204],"multi-pedestrian":[5,58,208],"is":[6,98,116],"great":[8],"importance":[9],"for":[10,44,57],"autonomous":[11],"driving,":[12],"human-robot":[13],"interaction":[14],"video":[16],"surveillance.":[17],"Since":[18],"different":[19,22],"scenarios":[20],"have":[21,32],"best-performing":[23],"sensors,":[24],"sensor":[25,76,80],"fusion":[26,55,163],"perception":[27],"plans":[28],"are":[29,42,71,88,157,182],"believed":[30],"to":[31,78,131,146,185],"complementary":[33],"modalities":[34],"be":[36],"capable":[37],"handling":[39],"situations":[40],"which":[41,165],"challenging":[43,170],"single":[45],"sensor.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"a":[52,62,67,91,119],"novel":[53],"track-to-track":[54,162],"strategy":[56],"by":[60,74,90,100,118,159],"using":[61],"millimeter-wave":[63],"(MMW)":[64],"radar":[65,140,151],"monocular":[68,85,114],"camera.":[69],"Pedestrians":[70],"firstly":[72],"tracked":[73],"each":[75],"according":[77],"the":[79,83,101,112,125,133,142,147,150,154,160,200,205],"characteristic.":[81],"Specifically,":[82],"3D":[84,113],"pedestrian":[86,134,155,188],"detections":[87],"obtained":[89,123,158],"convolutional":[92],"neural":[93],"network":[94],"(CNN).":[95],"The":[96,108,138],"trajectory":[97],"formed":[99],"tracking-by-detection":[102],"approach,":[103],"combined":[104],"with":[105],"Bayesian":[106],"estimation.":[107],"measurement":[109],"noise":[110],"detection":[115,120],"modeled":[117],"uncertainty":[121],"value":[122],"from":[124],"same":[126],"CNN,":[127],"as":[128],"an":[129],"approach":[130],"estimate":[132],"state":[135],"more":[136],"accurately.":[137],"MMW":[139],"utilizes":[141],"track-before-detection":[143],"method":[144],"due":[145],"sparseness":[148],"features.":[152],"Afterwards,":[153],"trajectories":[156,192],"proposed":[161,206],"strategy,":[164],"can":[166],"work":[167],"adaptively":[168],"under":[169],"weather":[171],"conditions,":[172],"low-illumination":[173],"conditions":[174],"clutter":[176],"scenarios.":[177],"A":[178],"group":[179],"tests":[181],"carried":[183],"out":[184],"validate":[186],"our":[187],"strategy.":[190],"Tracking":[191],"optimal":[194],"sub-pattern":[195],"assignment":[196],"(OSPA)":[197],"metric":[198],"demonstrate":[199],"accuracy":[201],"robustness":[203],"multi-sensor":[207],"system.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}