{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223445743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828","title":"Classification and Identification of Spectral Pixels with Low Maritime Occupancy Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","display_name":"Classification and Identification of Spectral Pixels with Low Maritime Occupancy Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223445743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1828/pdf?version=1649744717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1828/pdf?version=1649744717","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101590343","display_name":"Dongmin Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657955","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0046ap498","country_code":null,"type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmin Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Yuseong-daero 1312beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Yuseong-daero 1312beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032437889","display_name":"Sangwoo Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657955","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0046ap498","country_code":null,"type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sangwoo Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Yuseong-daero 1312beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Yuseong-daero 1312beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082758435","display_name":"Daekyeom Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-7203"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daekyeom Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEASON Co., Ltd., Sejong City 20128, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEASON Co., Ltd., Sejong City 20128, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032437889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399657955"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.44,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64403811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"1828","last_page":"1828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.954200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8572355508804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7212905883789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.614208459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5837218165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.572932779788971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.55437833070755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbscan","display_name":"DBSCAN","score":0.47846221923828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4692608714103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.463102787733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4359132647514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3464987874031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-clustering","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","score":0.12867280840873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11225625872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy-clustering-algorithm","display_name":"Canopy clustering algorithm","score":0.072655588388443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8572355508804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7212905883789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.614208459854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5837218165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.572932779788971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.55437833070755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114630","display_name":"DBSCAN","level":5,"score":0.47846221923828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4692608714103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.463102787733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4359132647514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3464987874031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.12867280840873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11225625872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104047586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033439","display_name":"Canopy clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.072655588388443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1828/pdf?version=1649744717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf0b3749f46449d0891f8dca8bea4369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf0b3749f46449d0891f8dca8bea4369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 1828 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/8/1828/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081828","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1828/pdf?version=1649744717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2100846409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PES4460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328008","funder_display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328008","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223445743.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223445743.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1964444269","https://openalex.org/W1970782782","https://openalex.org/W1972226951","https://openalex.org/W1996547849","https://openalex.org/W2010587301","https://openalex.org/W2012688023","https://openalex.org/W2039798254","https://openalex.org/W2070689786","https://openalex.org/W2078813883","https://openalex.org/W2084778007","https://openalex.org/W2121363479","https://openalex.org/W2121973001","https://openalex.org/W2125070513","https://openalex.org/W2125836634","https://openalex.org/W2189625117","https://openalex.org/W2212979539","https://openalex.org/W2277861860","https://openalex.org/W2508442770","https://openalex.org/W2614166664","https://openalex.org/W2766632063","https://openalex.org/W2786644902","https://openalex.org/W2789259257","https://openalex.org/W2792635143","https://openalex.org/W2793809888","https://openalex.org/W2799819877","https://openalex.org/W2806043807","https://openalex.org/W2885291434","https://openalex.org/W2891132891","https://openalex.org/W2911245743","https://openalex.org/W2921103930","https://openalex.org/W2944117374","https://openalex.org/W2952980297","https://openalex.org/W2966739747","https://openalex.org/W2975433514","https://openalex.org/W2982437619","https://openalex.org/W2999109621","https://openalex.org/W3006255335","https://openalex.org/W3008754679","https://openalex.org/W3043181422","https://openalex.org/W3085584805","https://openalex.org/W3124312040","https://openalex.org/W3206290166","https://openalex.org/W4200005741","https://openalex.org/W4254512820","https://openalex.org/W6643427982","https://openalex.org/W6686980507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3176449234","https://openalex.org/W2807508722","https://openalex.org/W2353158678","https://openalex.org/W2767235736","https://openalex.org/W4225278791","https://openalex.org/W2045002201","https://openalex.org/W2971352445","https://openalex.org/W4322502698","https://openalex.org/W2604015980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,65],"marine":[1,132],"accidents,":[2],"prompt":[3],"actions":[4],"to":[5],"minimize":[6,114],"the":[7,32,45,87,104],"casualties":[8,116],"and":[9,57,74,90,117,124,129],"loss":[10,119],"of":[11,34,55,70,81],"property":[12,118],"are":[13,76],"crucial.":[14],"Remote":[15],"sensing":[16,30],"using":[17,108],"satellites":[18],"or":[19],"aircrafts":[20],"enables":[21],"effective":[22],"monitoring":[23],"over":[24],"a":[25,52,98],"large":[26],"area.":[27],"Hyperspectral":[28],"remote":[29],"allows":[31],"acquisition":[33],"high-resolution":[35],"spectral":[36],"information.":[37],"This":[38,111],"technology":[39,112],"detects":[40],"target":[41],"objects":[42,59],"by":[43,60,120],"analyzing":[44,61],"spectrum":[46],"for":[47],"each":[48],"pixel.":[49],"We":[50],"present":[51],"clustering":[53],"method":[54,101],"seawater":[56],"floating":[58],"aerial":[62],"hyperspectral":[63],"images.":[64],"clustering,":[66],"unsupervised":[67],"learning":[68],"algorithms":[69,83],"K-means,":[71],"Gaussian":[72],"Mixture,":[73],"DBSCAN":[75],"used.":[77],"The":[78],"detection":[79],"performance":[80],"those":[82],"is":[84],"expressed":[85],"as":[86],"precision,":[88],"recall,":[89],"F1":[91],"Score.":[92],"In":[93],"addition,":[94],"this":[95],"study":[96],"presents":[97],"color":[99],"mapping":[100],"that":[102],"analyzes":[103],"detected":[105],"small":[106],"object":[107],"cosine":[109],"similarity.":[110],"can":[113],"future":[115],"enabling":[121],"rapid":[122],"aircraft":[123],"maritime":[125],"search,":[126],"ocean":[127],"monitoring,":[128],"preparations":[130],"against":[131],"accidents.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}