{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223635366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818","title":"Automatic Semantic Segmentation of Benthic Habitats Using Images from Towed Underwater Camera in a Complex Shallow Water Environment","display_name":"Automatic Semantic Segmentation of Benthic Habitats Using Images from Towed Underwater Camera in a Complex Shallow Water Environment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223635366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1818/pdf?version=1649658626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1818/pdf?version=1649658626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109642897","display_name":"Hassan Mohamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207547235","display_name":"Benha University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tn5ee41","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Cairo 11672, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Cairo 11672, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047929214","display_name":"Kazuo Nadaoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-2860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuo Nadaoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101613341","display_name":"Takashi Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-4532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109642897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90394678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"1818","last_page":"1818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benthic-habitat","display_name":"Benthic habitat","score":0.6865992546081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5696948170661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benthic-zone","display_name":"Benthic zone","score":0.5406320691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4949302077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4807145893573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47082191705703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ycbcr","display_name":"YCbCr","score":0.4616237282752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4422927796840668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4134838581085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4083136320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.392017662525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35503143072128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2705349922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.18360760807991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.1464027464389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.10832270979881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09371820092201233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993018843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686881","display_name":"Benthic habitat","level":3,"score":0.6865992546081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5696948170661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83042747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686881","display_name":"Benthic zone","level":2,"score":0.5406320691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4949302077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4807145893573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47082191705703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779407163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189998","display_name":"YCbCr","level":5,"score":0.4616237282752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4422927796840668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4134838581085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4083136320114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.392017662525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35503143072128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2705349922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.18360760807991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.1464027464389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.10832270979881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09371820092201233}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1818/pdf?version=1649658626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf5cf5c84e634b10985a9dc0e777dc97","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf5cf5c84e634b10985a9dc0e777dc97","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 1818 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/8/1818/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 8; Pages: 1818","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1818/pdf?version=1649658626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1755812565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2983449479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Scientific Research","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236194794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3618301946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SATREPS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4611969921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4864544293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874944895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5277970381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SATREPS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322716","funder_display_name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G575121195","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15H02268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7485138276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752643416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8720352986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Resear","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322716","display_name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/022es3t03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338125","display_name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223635366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223635366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519478720","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1992396639","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2045784023","https://openalex.org/W2061580408","https://openalex.org/W2062413904","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2117193984","https://openalex.org/W2164969529","https://openalex.org/W2317160870","https://openalex.org/W2322870089","https://openalex.org/W2464951325","https://openalex.org/W2561698828","https://openalex.org/W2589438034","https://openalex.org/W2746518190","https://openalex.org/W2773104006","https://openalex.org/W2783353659","https://openalex.org/W2785177491","https://openalex.org/W2788966283","https://openalex.org/W2790466680","https://openalex.org/W2792623257","https://openalex.org/W2805003672","https://openalex.org/W2807192771","https://openalex.org/W2871665063","https://openalex.org/W2894435778","https://openalex.org/W2900751312","https://openalex.org/W2904140897","https://openalex.org/W2905621769","https://openalex.org/W2942236571","https://openalex.org/W2942820598","https://openalex.org/W2945084109","https://openalex.org/W2950055287","https://openalex.org/W2952442488","https://openalex.org/W2956155605","https://openalex.org/W2965309900","https://openalex.org/W2965525681","https://openalex.org/W2979505026","https://openalex.org/W2980175935","https://openalex.org/W2981591173","https://openalex.org/W2984313420","https://openalex.org/W2990206796","https://openalex.org/W2990733819","https://openalex.org/W2999688610","https://openalex.org/W2999945314","https://openalex.org/W3000627240","https://openalex.org/W3002068734","https://openalex.org/W3004932743","https://openalex.org/W3007737681","https://openalex.org/W3007838476","https://openalex.org/W3039616342","https://openalex.org/W3041144768","https://openalex.org/W3043432251","https://openalex.org/W3046393235","https://openalex.org/W3047091590","https://openalex.org/W3080740732","https://openalex.org/W3085250946","https://openalex.org/W3088523040","https://openalex.org/W3091600481","https://openalex.org/W3094453699","https://openalex.org/W3113702148","https://openalex.org/W3115878113","https://openalex.org/W3120773971","https://openalex.org/W3126907337","https://openalex.org/W3129224789","https://openalex.org/W3134765211","https://openalex.org/W3135018180","https://openalex.org/W3137163295","https://openalex.org/W3185775630","https://openalex.org/W6766384758","https://openalex.org/W6766384849","https://openalex.org/W6770406638","https://openalex.org/W6780838891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037375427","https://openalex.org/W1519547577","https://openalex.org/W4210855644","https://openalex.org/W4250023279","https://openalex.org/W4235461964","https://openalex.org/W3142263316","https://openalex.org/W2105976034","https://openalex.org/W2086956386","https://openalex.org/W2164032020","https://openalex.org/W2152663523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"image":[1,72],"segmentation":[2,21,47],"is":[3,14],"useful":[4],"for":[5,50,52,182],"benthic":[6,23,106,192],"habitat":[7,78,183,193],"mapping":[8],"and":[9,16,32,45,56,74,104,115,126,148,168],"monitoring;":[10],"however,":[11],"manual":[12],"annotation":[13],"time-consuming":[15],"tedious.":[17],"We":[18],"propose":[19],"automated":[20],"of":[22,163,170,191],"habitats":[24,107],"using":[25],"unsupervised":[26],"semantic":[27],"algorithms.":[28,92],"Four":[29],"such":[30],"algorithms\u2013\u2013Fast":[31],"Robust":[33],"Fuzzy":[34,39],"C-Means":[35,40],"(FR),":[36],"Superpixel-Based":[37],"Fast":[38],"(FF),":[41],"Otsu":[42],"clustering":[43,135],"(OS),":[44],"K-means":[46,134],"(KM)\u2013\u2013were":[48],"tested":[49],"accuracy":[51],"segmentation.":[53,184],"Further,":[54],"YCbCr":[55,179],"the":[57,133,138,143,146,156,161,171,178,189],"Commission":[58],"Internationale":[59],"de":[60],"l\u2019\u00c9clairage":[61],"(CIE)":[62],"LAB":[63],"color":[64,180],"spaces":[65],"were":[66,87,108,112,152],"evaluated":[67],"to":[68,89],"correct":[69],"variations":[70,167],"in":[71,177],"illumination":[73,166],"shadow":[75],"effects.":[76],"Benthic":[77],"field":[79],"data":[80],"from":[81],"a":[82],"geo-located":[83],"high-resolution":[84],"towed":[85],"camera":[86],"used":[88],"evaluate":[90],"proposed":[91,186],"The":[93,185],"Shiraho":[94],"study":[95],"area,":[96],"located":[97],"off":[98],"Ishigaki":[99],"Island,":[100],"Japan,":[101],"was":[102],"used,":[103],"six":[105],"classified.":[109],"These":[110],"categories":[111],"corals":[113,118],"(Acropora":[114],"Porites),":[116],"blue":[117],"(Heliopora":[119],"coerulea),":[120],"brown":[121],"algae,":[122,124],"other":[123],"sediments,":[125],"seagrass":[127],"(Thalassia":[128],"hemprichii).":[129],"Analysis":[130],"showed":[131,160],"that":[132],"algorithm":[136],"yielded":[137],"highest":[139],"overall":[140,150],"accuracy.":[141],"However,":[142],"differences":[144],"between":[145],"KM":[147],"OS":[149],"accuracies":[151],"statistically":[153],"insignificant":[154],"at":[155],"5%":[157],"level.":[158],"Findings":[159],"importance":[162],"eliminating":[164],"underwater":[165],"outperformance":[169],"red":[172],"difference":[173],"chrominance":[174],"values":[175],"(Cr)":[176],"space":[181],"framework":[187],"enhanced":[188],"automation":[190],"classification":[194],"processes.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}