{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224215592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805","title":"Land Use Hotspots of the Two Largest Landlocked Countries: Kazakhstan and Mongolia","display_name":"Land Use Hotspots of the Two Largest Landlocked Countries: Kazakhstan and Mongolia","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224215592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1805/pdf?version=1649579537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1805/pdf?version=1649579537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042923414","display_name":"Jing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-2151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055823556","display_name":"Jiquan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-9458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiquan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-9458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044717629","display_name":"Pietro Sciusco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-4472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Sciusco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-4472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045538778","display_name":"Venkatesh Kolluru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatesh Kolluru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063039581","display_name":"Sakshi Saraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6785-8381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakshi Saraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087491304","display_name":"Ranjeet John","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0150-8450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranjeet John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Department of Sustainability, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078232152","display_name":"Ochirbat Batkhishig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6012-0395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134987099","display_name":"Mongolian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfh2k37","country_code":"MN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134987099"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Batkhishig Ochirbat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210620, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6012-0395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210620, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134987099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042923414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94469397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"1805","last_page":"1805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12467","display_name":"Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12467","display_name":"Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13102","display_name":"Soil and Environmental Studies","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landlocked-country","display_name":"Landlocked country","score":0.7507970929145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.7157649993896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6872352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steppe","display_name":"Steppe","score":0.5614191293716431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland","display_name":"Grassland","score":0.5338994264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.5232678651809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.43852946162223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.42706021666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.3526671528816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-protection","display_name":"Environmental protection","score":0.3321739435195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1547033190727234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176507212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123480","display_name":"Landlocked country","level":2,"score":0.7507970929145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.7157649993896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6872352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105895522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123991","display_name":"Steppe","level":2,"score":0.5614191293716431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.5338994264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.5232678651809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.43852946162223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.42706021666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.3526671528816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.3321739435195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1547033190727234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1805/pdf?version=1649579537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:479b39c2c1a3408db6a8bde3eab593e4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/479b39c2c1a3408db6a8bde3eab593e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 8, p 1805 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/8/1805/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 8; Pages: 1805","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14081805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14081805","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/8/1805/pdf?version=1649579537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2626822887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC20K0410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224215592.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546680881","https://openalex.org/W1553353343","https://openalex.org/W1966895245","https://openalex.org/W1979644084","https://openalex.org/W2000047929","https://openalex.org/W2008365550","https://openalex.org/W2027720233","https://openalex.org/W2038670999","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2095074516","https://openalex.org/W2095258335","https://openalex.org/W2120036620","https://openalex.org/W2120569328","https://openalex.org/W2135385694","https://openalex.org/W2136624896","https://openalex.org/W2137209176","https://openalex.org/W2159773298","https://openalex.org/W2313515483","https://openalex.org/W2494397612","https://openalex.org/W2555672710","https://openalex.org/W2572384894","https://openalex.org/W2592532736","https://openalex.org/W2622626553","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2801223746","https://openalex.org/W2801684447","https://openalex.org/W2887351830","https://openalex.org/W2893040685","https://openalex.org/W2901119703","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2969991554","https://openalex.org/W3119547400","https://openalex.org/W3121522908","https://openalex.org/W3142395018","https://openalex.org/W3158207058","https://openalex.org/W3179534346","https://openalex.org/W4206025736","https://openalex.org/W4206309262","https://openalex.org/W4238812599","https://openalex.org/W4240608361","https://openalex.org/W6604642649","https://openalex.org/W6628724100","https://openalex.org/W6641895218","https://openalex.org/W6677039320","https://openalex.org/W6698399837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3164947926","https://openalex.org/W2393022204","https://openalex.org/W4407007810","https://openalex.org/W2357565162","https://openalex.org/W2360853014","https://openalex.org/W2359328637","https://openalex.org/W2182996245","https://openalex.org/W2383404442","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,17,26,67,125,137,155,193,217,220,227,233,292],"two":[2,174],"largest":[3,223],"landlocked":[4],"countries,":[5],"Kazakhstan":[6,191,231,239],"and":[7,13,29,53,58,61,75,115,123,140,161,186,214,232,274,285,295],"Mongolia":[8,185],"have":[9,151],"similar":[10],"biophysical":[11],"conditions":[12],"socioeconomic":[14],"roots":[15],"in":[16,56,63,83,165,172,184,190,230,237],"former":[18],"Soviet":[19,221],"Union.":[20],"Our":[21],"objective":[22],"is":[23],"to":[24,65,205],"investigate":[25],"direction,":[27],"extent,":[28],"spatial":[30,258],"variation":[31],"of":[32,180,219,226,244,252,260],"land":[33,68,131,148,158,200,209,245,253,261,266,283,286],"cover":[34,69,119,132,149,159,201,210,246,287],"change":[35,116,247],"at":[36,121,136],"three":[37,41,46],"administrative":[38],"levels":[39],"over":[40,124,154,248],"decades":[42],"(1990\u20132020).":[43],"We":[44],"selected":[45],"provinces":[47],"from":[48],"each":[49,109],"country":[50],"(Aktobe,":[51],"Akmola,":[52],"Almaty":[54],"province":[55,110],"Kazakhstan,":[57],"Arkhangai,":[59],"Tov,":[60],"Dornod":[62,183],"Mongolia)":[64],"classify":[66],"into":[70],"forest,":[71],"grassland,":[72],"cropland,":[73],"barren,":[74],"water.":[76],"Altogether,":[77],"6964":[78],"Landsat":[79],"images":[80],"were":[81,111,134],"used":[82],"pixel-based":[84],"classification":[85,114,144,150],"method":[86],"with":[87],"random":[88],"forest":[89],"model":[90],"for":[91,108,113,129,182,188],"image":[92],"processing.":[93],"Six":[94],"thousand":[95],"training":[96,100],"data":[97],"points":[98,101],"(300":[99],"\u00d7":[102,105],"5":[103],"classes":[104,133],"4":[106],"periods)":[107],"collected":[112],"detection.":[117],"Land":[118],"changes":[120,288],"decadal":[122],"entire":[126],"study":[127,195],"period":[128],"five":[130],"quantified":[135],"country,":[138],"provincial,":[139],"county":[141],"level.":[142],"High":[143],"accuracy":[145],"indicates":[146,264],"localized":[147],"an":[152],"edge":[153],"latest":[156],"global":[157],"product":[160],"reveal":[162],"fine":[163],"differences":[164],"landscape":[166],"composition.":[167],"The":[168,197,207,257],"vast":[169],"steppe":[170],"landscapes":[171],"these":[173,281],"countries":[175],"are":[176,269],"dominated":[177],"by":[178,272],"grasslands":[179],"91.5%":[181],"74.7%":[187],"Aktobe":[189],"during":[192],"30-year":[194],"period.":[196],"most":[198],"common":[199],"conversion":[202],"was":[203],"grassland":[204,213],"cropland.":[206],"cyclic":[208],"conversions":[211],"between":[212],"cropland":[215],"reflect":[216],"impacts":[218],"Union\u2019s":[222],"reclamation":[224],"campaign":[225],"20th":[228],"century":[229],"Atar-3":[234],"agriculture":[235],"re-development":[236],"Mongolia.":[238,256],"experienced":[240],"a":[241,249],"higher":[242],"rate":[243],"larger":[250],"extent":[251],"area":[254],"than":[255],"distribution":[259],"use":[262,267,284],"intensity":[263],"that":[265],"hotspots":[268],"largely":[270],"influenced":[271],"policy":[273],"its":[275],"shifts.":[276],"Future":[277],"research":[278],"based":[279],"on":[280],"large-scale":[282],"should":[289],"be":[290],"focused":[291],"corresponding":[293],"ecosystem":[294],"society":[296],"functions.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
