{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220979122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671","title":"A Method for Automatic Inversion of Oblique Ionograms","display_name":"A Method for Automatic Inversion of Oblique Ionograms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220979122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1671/pdf?version=1648711072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1671/pdf?version=1648711072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102714833","display_name":"Chun-Hua Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085086661","display_name":"Tianshou Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712934","display_name":"Xuhui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1177-0583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101668708","display_name":"Tongxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-2999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004102236","display_name":"Ziwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-6863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063424453","display_name":"Guobin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0404-9664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guobin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101795752","display_name":"Zhengyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-9694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102714833"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.9282,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74786772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"1671","last_page":"1671"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oblique-case","display_name":"Oblique case","score":0.9323105812072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.5108356475830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4763379693031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4685441255569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36538106203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3198431730270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2063329815864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.14543044567108154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160697094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233197","display_name":"Oblique case","level":2,"score":0.9323105812072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5108356475830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4763379693031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4685441255569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36538106203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3198431730270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2063329815864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.14543044567108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1671/pdf?version=1648711072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cba8f32fc644b5099170f1ecd00b07a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cba8f32fc644b5099170f1ecd00b07a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 1671 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/7/1671/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1671/pdf?version=1648711072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3575104618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42074184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3583994155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41727804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3726970173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FB134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7166960733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42104151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7537444638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41604133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220979122.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220979122.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5710788","https://openalex.org/W111686915","https://openalex.org/W1566769853","https://openalex.org/W1603818309","https://openalex.org/W1866450186","https://openalex.org/W1902661182","https://openalex.org/W1969517813","https://openalex.org/W1970907065","https://openalex.org/W1973788605","https://openalex.org/W2001828438","https://openalex.org/W2011765716","https://openalex.org/W2016501211","https://openalex.org/W2034381882","https://openalex.org/W2056868180","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2085433646","https://openalex.org/W2092436757","https://openalex.org/W2153260466","https://openalex.org/W2156789084","https://openalex.org/W2295328381","https://openalex.org/W2337607617","https://openalex.org/W2356810781","https://openalex.org/W2549890403","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2607432717","https://openalex.org/W2625006455","https://openalex.org/W2747186822","https://openalex.org/W2780689716","https://openalex.org/W2905925148","https://openalex.org/W6600224332","https://openalex.org/W6697680252","https://openalex.org/W6733928327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"a":[3,132],"method":[4,28,168,225],"is":[5],"proposed":[6,27,140,167,224],"to":[7,15,35,69,95,121,130,221],"carry":[8],"out":[9],"automatic":[10],"inversion":[11],"of":[12,23,58,90,186,195,199],"oblique":[13,70,91,111,115,136,146,154,160],"ionograms":[14,161],"extract":[16],"the":[17,24,30,37,56,59,63,73,82,98,127,139,143,150,166,184,196,200,223],"parameters":[18,57,100,118,172],"and":[19,45,52,76,88,105,169,191,207],"electron":[20,42],"density":[21,43],"profile":[22],"ionosphere.":[25,38],"The":[26,113,179],"adopts":[29],"quasi-parabolic":[31],"segments":[32],"(QPS)":[33],"model":[34],"represent":[36],"Firstly,":[39],"numerous":[40],"candidate":[41,64,128],"profiles":[44],"corresponding":[46],"vertical":[47,65],"traces":[48,66,71,129,152],"were,":[49],"respectively,":[50,204],"calculated":[51],"synthesized":[53,114,145,151],"by":[54,72,148,165],"adjusting":[55],"QPS":[60],"model.":[61],"Then,":[62],"were":[67,93,119,124,162,173],"transformed":[68],"secant":[74],"theorem":[75],"Martyn\u2019s":[77],"equivalent":[78],"path":[79,194],"theorem.":[80],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"image":[85],"processing":[86],"technology":[87],"characteristics":[89],"echoes":[92],"adopted":[94],"automatically":[96,163],"scale":[97],"key":[99],"(the":[101],"maximum":[102,188],"observable":[103,189],"frequency":[104,190],"minimum":[106,192],"group":[107,193],"path,":[108],"etc.)":[109],"from":[110],"ionograms.":[112,137,155],"traces,":[116],"whose":[117],"close":[120],"autoscaled":[122,171,187],"parameters,":[123],"selected":[125],"as":[126],"produce":[131],"correlation":[133],"with":[134,153,175],"measured":[135],"Lastly,":[138],"algorithm":[141],"searched":[142],"best-fit":[144],"trace":[147,198],"comparing":[149],"To":[156],"test":[157],"its":[158],"feasibility,":[159],"scaled":[164],"these":[170],"compared":[174],"manual":[176],"scaling":[177],"results.":[178],"preliminary":[180],"results":[181],"show":[182],"that":[183],"accuracy":[185],"ordinary":[197],"F2":[201],"layer":[202],"is,":[203],"about":[205],"91.98%":[206],"86.41%,":[208],"which":[209],"might":[210],"be":[211],"accurate":[212],"enough":[213],"for":[214],"space":[215],"weather":[216],"specifications.":[217],"It":[218],"inspires":[219],"us":[220],"improve":[222],"in":[226],"future":[227],"studies.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}