{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221112086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635","title":"High Spatiotemporal Resolution PM2.5 Concentration Estimation with Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study for Wildfire in California","display_name":"High Spatiotemporal Resolution PM2.5 Concentration Estimation with Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study for Wildfire in California","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221112086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1635/pdf?version=1648551168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1635/pdf?version=1648551168","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052026359","display_name":"Qian Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-7523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061762809","display_name":"Feng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-4058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-4058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101925653","display_name":"Shao\u2010Yun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-9582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103012562","display_name":"Xiaoli Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3302-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055422602","display_name":"Yue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-2484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131507","display_name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbkt876","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiading District Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 201800, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102978334","display_name":"Kun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4762-5608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103012562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131507"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5351,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81096814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"1635","last_page":"1635"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.609492838382721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5519914627075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48917749524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.48676562309265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4771116077899933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-index","display_name":"Air quality index","score":0.44613224267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostatistics","display_name":"Geostatistics","score":0.44353288412094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.44174331426620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40053844451904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3161003887653351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.15373754501342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13907989859580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13243037462234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11333703994750977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.609492838382721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5519914627075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48917749524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.48676562309265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4771116077899933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.44613224267959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125572338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440020","display_name":"Geostatistics","level":3,"score":0.44353288412094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.44174331426620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40053844451904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3161003887653351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.15373754501342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13907989859580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13243037462234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11333703994750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1635/pdf?version=1648551168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5a64673dbb04ee0aeede436ce431935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5a64673dbb04ee0aeede436ce431935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 1635 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/7/1635/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 7; Pages: 1635","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071635","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1635/pdf?version=1648551168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1552956010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42075125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221112086.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221112086.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561421126","https://openalex.org/W1423903395","https://openalex.org/W1543335190","https://openalex.org/W1599651906","https://openalex.org/W1786083780","https://openalex.org/W1970486901","https://openalex.org/W1974279982","https://openalex.org/W1976991085","https://openalex.org/W1980891198","https://openalex.org/W1982822400","https://openalex.org/W1990797640","https://openalex.org/W2006920938","https://openalex.org/W2010821940","https://openalex.org/W2021458827","https://openalex.org/W2039596145","https://openalex.org/W2040707362","https://openalex.org/W2042355379","https://openalex.org/W2048723200","https://openalex.org/W2049384117","https://openalex.org/W2064630666","https://openalex.org/W2073287687","https://openalex.org/W2075924373","https://openalex.org/W2081990052","https://openalex.org/W2102325988","https://openalex.org/W2108162680","https://openalex.org/W2132111132","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2161669929","https://openalex.org/W2163882954","https://openalex.org/W2165964445","https://openalex.org/W2252305884","https://openalex.org/W2261936125","https://openalex.org/W2284873887","https://openalex.org/W2297827415","https://openalex.org/W2301552301","https://openalex.org/W2306844409","https://openalex.org/W2309126352","https://openalex.org/W2313264137","https://openalex.org/W2318279755","https://openalex.org/W2516758599","https://openalex.org/W2553429315","https://openalex.org/W2742946820","https://openalex.org/W2751761087","https://openalex.org/W2794543278","https://openalex.org/W2800600384","https://openalex.org/W2803058927","https://openalex.org/W2901921242","https://openalex.org/W2910541109","https://openalex.org/W2951572255","https://openalex.org/W2953978338","https://openalex.org/W2967819411","https://openalex.org/W2994648189","https://openalex.org/W3001219871","https://openalex.org/W3007969275","https://openalex.org/W3043641862","https://openalex.org/W3122817556","https://openalex.org/W3164858843","https://openalex.org/W3212821669","https://openalex.org/W6671079822","https://openalex.org/W6795934968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365452842","https://openalex.org/W2384253261","https://openalex.org/W2381029319","https://openalex.org/W747394405","https://openalex.org/W4238586177","https://openalex.org/W1987236514","https://openalex.org/W2356808522","https://openalex.org/W174653542","https://openalex.org/W4247721244","https://openalex.org/W2381153750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1,44],"aggregate":[2],"of":[3,20,39,52,61,71,84,103,117],"suspended":[4],"particulate":[5],"matter":[6],"in":[7,139,166],"the":[8,14,18,49,59,68,82,86,100,112,121,132,147,155,170,175,200,213],"air,":[9],"atmospheric":[10],"aerosols":[11],"can":[12,231],"affect":[13],"regional":[15,35],"climate.":[16],"With":[17],"help":[19],"satellite":[21,62],"remote":[22],"sensing":[23],"technology":[24],"to":[25,47,58,109,145,191],"retrieve":[26],"AOD":[27,53,74,87,137],"(aerosol":[28],"optical":[29],"depth)":[30],"on":[31],"a":[32,91,126],"global":[33],"or":[34],"scale,":[36],"accurate":[37],"estimation":[38],"PM2.5":[40,105,118,149,161,193,228,241],"concentration":[41,119,150,229],"has":[42],"become":[43],"important":[45],"task":[46],"quantify":[48],"spatiotemporal":[50,69,101,113,164],"distribution":[51],"and":[54,65,115,168,239],"PM2.5.":[55],"However,":[56],"due":[57],"limitations":[60],"platforms,":[63],"sensors,":[64],"inversion":[66],"algorithms,":[67,154],"resolution":[70,114,136],"current":[72],"major":[73],"products":[75,88],"is":[76,124],"still":[77,125],"relatively":[78],"low.":[79],"Meanwhile,":[80],"for":[81,234],"impact":[83],"cloud,":[85],"often":[89],"have":[90],"serious":[92],"data":[93,138,162,230],"gap":[94],"problem,":[95],"which":[96],"also":[97],"objectively":[98],"limits":[99],"coverage":[102,116],"predicted":[104],"concentration.":[106,194],"Therefore,":[107],"how":[108],"effectively":[110],"improve":[111],"under":[120],"requisite":[122],"accuracy":[123],"grand":[127],"challenge.":[128],"In":[129],"this":[130],"study,":[131],"fused":[133],"high":[134,226],"spatial-temporal":[135],"our":[140],"previous":[141],"study":[142],"were":[143],"used":[144,190],"estimate":[146,192],"ground":[148],"through":[151],"machine":[152],"learning":[153],"deep":[156],"belief":[157],"network":[158],"(DBN).":[159],"The":[160,195,224],"had":[163],"autocorrelation":[165,176],"geostatistics":[167],"followed":[169],"Gaussian":[171,180],"kernel":[172,181],"distribution.":[173],"Hence,":[174],"model":[177],"modified":[178],"by":[179],"function":[182],"integrated":[183],"with":[184],"DBN":[185,215],"algorithm,":[186],"named":[187],"Geoi-DBN,":[188],"was":[189],"cross-validation":[196],"results":[197],"showed":[198],"that":[199],"Geoi-DBN":[201],"(R2":[202,216],"=":[203,206,217,220],"0.86,":[204],"RMSE":[205,219],"6.84":[207],"\u00b5g":[208,222],"m\u22123)":[209],"performed":[210],"better":[211],"than":[212],"original":[214],"0.67,":[218],"10.46":[221],"m\u22123).":[223],"final":[225],"quality":[227,237],"be":[232],"applied":[233],"urban":[235],"air":[236],"monitoring":[238],"related":[240],"exposure":[242],"risk":[243],"assessment":[244],"such":[245],"as":[246],"wildfire.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
