{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221054205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585","title":"An Approach for Predicting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Machine Learning","display_name":"An Approach for Predicting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221054205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1585/pdf?version=1648207812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1585/pdf?version=1648207812","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633671","display_name":"Jun Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1292-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049753339","display_name":"Yinjian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinjian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073091277","display_name":"Dengpan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-408X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengpan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037038579","display_name":"Mingfei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingfei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100633671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.2598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95919068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"1585","last_page":"1585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.8955366611480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.7646321654319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6869648694992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-weather","display_name":"Space weather","score":0.6431043148040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spherical-harmonics","display_name":"Spherical harmonics","score":0.5395293831825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.49676114320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.48926231265068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.48865941166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43427759408950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4309947192668915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4193142354488373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-weather-prediction","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","score":0.41082045435905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.40707072615623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20774728059768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18916934728622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17593425512313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.13405531644821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.11811500787734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08686816692352295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.8955366611480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.7646321654319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6869648694992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151325931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584093","display_name":"Space weather","level":2,"score":0.6431043148040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3768446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877100","display_name":"Spherical harmonics","level":2,"score":0.5395293831825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.49676114320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.48926231265068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.48865941166877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43427759408950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4309947192668915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4193142354488373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.41082045435905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40707072615623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20774728059768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18916934728622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17593425512313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.13405531644821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.11811500787734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08686816692352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1585/pdf?version=1648207812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec68f67b8f4e49aaa558cbe0c396b16b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec68f67b8f4e49aaa558cbe0c396b16b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 1585 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/7/1585/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 7; Pages: 1585","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1585/pdf?version=1648207812","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2582980744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41761089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221054205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221054205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491857816","https://openalex.org/W1794757641","https://openalex.org/W1974107091","https://openalex.org/W2020438006","https://openalex.org/W2029557308","https://openalex.org/W2034180030","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2079469934","https://openalex.org/W2086555535","https://openalex.org/W2088964349","https://openalex.org/W2121197692","https://openalex.org/W2140050818","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2166751765","https://openalex.org/W2578986756","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2747599906","https://openalex.org/W2770194917","https://openalex.org/W2786309865","https://openalex.org/W2790261559","https://openalex.org/W2803889030","https://openalex.org/W2888483112","https://openalex.org/W2888850859","https://openalex.org/W2911430976","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2947380810","https://openalex.org/W2950730778","https://openalex.org/W2990229927","https://openalex.org/W3015809536","https://openalex.org/W3025313534","https://openalex.org/W3104446864","https://openalex.org/W3109405176","https://openalex.org/W3110271593","https://openalex.org/W3112737963","https://openalex.org/W3113949791","https://openalex.org/W3116319369","https://openalex.org/W3128346221","https://openalex.org/W3145491624","https://openalex.org/W3171696226","https://openalex.org/W3207363572","https://openalex.org/W3214674912","https://openalex.org/W6751996809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127296831","https://openalex.org/W2159166122","https://openalex.org/W2803266697","https://openalex.org/W3199942550","https://openalex.org/W3133219126","https://openalex.org/W1631751207","https://openalex.org/W4236461042","https://openalex.org/W2903179235","https://openalex.org/W2125382137","https://openalex.org/W4232096923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"corrections":[1],"for":[2,14,64,236],"ionospheric":[3,45,51,111],"total":[4],"electron":[5],"content":[6],"(TEC)":[7],"and":[8,85,96,122,135,173,205,221,230,242],"early":[9],"warning":[10],"information":[11],"are":[12,88],"crucial":[13],"global":[15,44,110],"navigation":[16],"satellite":[17],"system":[18],"(GNSS)":[19],"applications":[20],"under":[21],"the":[22,43,62,71,91,104,117,139,159,164,168,183,194,199,219,225],"influence":[23],"of":[24,190,201,211,224],"space":[25],"weather.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"study,":[29],"we":[30,157,181],"propose":[31],"to":[32,41,94,107,148],"use":[33,55,103],"a":[34,49,109,124,136,151],"new":[35],"machine":[36],"learning":[37],"model\u2014the":[38],"Prophet":[39],"model,":[40],"predict":[42,97],"TEC":[46,112],"by":[47,61,162,186],"establishing":[48],"short-term":[50],"prediction":[52],"model.":[53],"We":[54,102],"15th-order":[56],"spherical":[57,76,99,118],"harmonic":[58,77,100,119],"coefficients":[59,106],"provided":[60],"Center":[63],"Orbit":[65],"Determination":[66],"in":[67],"Europe":[68],"(CODE)":[69],"as":[70,90,193],"training":[72,92,195],"data":[73,79,192],"set.":[74,196],"Historical":[75],"coefficient":[78],"from":[80],"7":[81],"days,":[82,84,232],"15":[83,188],"30":[86],"days":[87,189,212,241],"used":[89],"set":[93],"model":[95,121,160],"256":[98],"coefficients.":[101],"predicted":[105],"generate":[108],"forecast":[113,154,170],"map":[114],"based":[115],"on":[116,218],"function":[120],"select":[123],"year":[125,137,227,238],"with":[126,138,167,198,213],"low":[127],"solar":[128,141],"activity":[129,142],"(63.4":[130],"&lt;":[131,133,144,146],"F10.7":[132,145],"81.8)":[134],"high":[140],"(79.5":[143],"255.0)":[147],"carry":[149],"out":[150],"sliding":[152],"2-day":[153],"experiment.":[155],"Meanwhile,":[156],"verify":[158],"performance":[161],"comparing":[163],"forecasting":[165],"results":[166,178,200],"CODE":[169],"product":[171,175],"(COPG)":[172],"final":[174],"(CODG).":[176],"The":[177,209],"show":[179],"that":[180],"obtain":[182],"best":[184],"predictions":[185],"using":[187],"historical":[191],"Compared":[197],"CODE\u2019S":[202,206],"1-Day":[203],"(C1PG)":[204],"2-Day":[207],"(C2PG).":[208],"number":[210],"RMSE":[214],"better":[215],"than":[216],"COPG":[217],"first":[220],"second":[222],"day":[223],"low-solar-activity":[226],"is":[228,239],"151":[229],"158":[231],"respectively.":[233],"This":[234],"statistic":[235],"high-solar-activity":[237],"183":[240],"135":[243],"days.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
