{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221045226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544","title":"Enhancing Front-Vehicle Detection in Large Vehicle Fleet Management","display_name":"Enhancing Front-Vehicle Detection in Large Vehicle Fleet Management","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221045226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1544/pdf?version=1648108380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1544/pdf?version=1648108380","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062714958","display_name":"Ching-Yun Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3391-9657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Yun Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091586068","display_name":"Pin Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7256-4409"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pin Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["SkyEyes GPS Technology Co., Ltd., Taichung 40667, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SkyEyes GPS Technology Co., Ltd., Taichung 40667, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067643847","display_name":"Chien-Fu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-2229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Fu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIS Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018387027","display_name":"Shu-Cheng Chuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-4599"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu-Cheng Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SkyEyes GPS Technology Co., Ltd., Taichung 40667, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SkyEyes GPS Technology Co., Ltd., Taichung 40667, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062714958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6037,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65745434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"1544","last_page":"1544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7575374841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/front","display_name":"Front (military)","score":0.5483910441398621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45410311222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4490986466407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.42995381355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.42585843801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41721558570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35339289903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3327401280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32438546419143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1101469099521637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09251219034194946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7575374841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.5483910441398621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45410311222076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4490986466407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.42995381355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.42585843801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41721558570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35339289903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3327401280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32438546419143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1101469099521637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09251219034194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1544/pdf?version=1648108380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:95fb1207745143538cc779ba5e24a97a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/95fb1207745143538cc779ba5e24a97a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 1544 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/7/1544/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 7; Pages: 1544","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14071544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071544","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/7/1544/pdf?version=1648108380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221045226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221045226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1674505557","https://openalex.org/W1968194252","https://openalex.org/W1995749281","https://openalex.org/W2009234019","https://openalex.org/W2070919127","https://openalex.org/W2096658257","https://openalex.org/W2104809602","https://openalex.org/W2132891752","https://openalex.org/W2138273245","https://openalex.org/W2268875920","https://openalex.org/W2269387402","https://openalex.org/W2342810050","https://openalex.org/W2400500060","https://openalex.org/W2483920485","https://openalex.org/W2513102241","https://openalex.org/W2533741420","https://openalex.org/W2564348393","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2575030961","https://openalex.org/W2763108738","https://openalex.org/W2790743885","https://openalex.org/W2804524713","https://openalex.org/W2896758631","https://openalex.org/W2898350320","https://openalex.org/W2922225410","https://openalex.org/W2934625602","https://openalex.org/W2940098368","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2973603532","https://openalex.org/W3005145900","https://openalex.org/W3005716209","https://openalex.org/W3080752678","https://openalex.org/W3083565887","https://openalex.org/W3115190122","https://openalex.org/W3117719106","https://openalex.org/W3130120517","https://openalex.org/W3130375386","https://openalex.org/W3137897392","https://openalex.org/W3146332956","https://openalex.org/W3156201349","https://openalex.org/W3161008321","https://openalex.org/W3187080050","https://openalex.org/W3203497603","https://openalex.org/W3209349099","https://openalex.org/W4205729548","https://openalex.org/W4210733301","https://openalex.org/W4247747021","https://openalex.org/W6728811361","https://openalex.org/W6749591303","https://openalex.org/W6783490546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080322084","https://openalex.org/W1967456564","https://openalex.org/W3120243212","https://openalex.org/W4312095940","https://openalex.org/W1875422203","https://openalex.org/W1998320603","https://openalex.org/W2801591557","https://openalex.org/W771700346","https://openalex.org/W2154924589","https://openalex.org/W4243155192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transportation":[0],"safety":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"widely":[4],"discussed":[5],"for":[6,35,182],"avoiding":[7],"forward":[8],"collisions.":[9],"The":[10,27,66],"broad":[11],"concept":[12],"of":[13,23,68,197],"remote":[14],"sensing":[15],"can":[16,178],"be":[17],"applied":[18],"to":[19,40,83,109,138,151,186,191],"detect":[20,41],"the":[21,42,104,125,146,195],"front":[22,43,143],"vehicles":[24,53,72],"without":[25],"contact.":[26],"traditional":[28],"Haar":[29,172],"features":[30],"use":[31],"adjacent":[32],"rectangular":[33],"areas":[34],"many":[36],"ordinary":[37,71],"vehicle":[38,44,89,111,184],"studies":[39],"images":[45],"in":[46,87,194],"practice.":[47],"This":[48,91,113,174],"paper":[49],"focused":[50],"on":[51],"large":[52,69,183],"using":[54,124],"a":[55,62,79,94,140,162,192],"front-installed":[56],"digital":[57],"video":[58],"recorder":[59],"(DVR)":[60],"with":[61,103,171],"near-infrared":[63],"(NIR)":[64],"camera.":[65],"views":[67],"and":[70,119,129,145,160],"are":[73],"different;":[74],"thus,":[75],"this":[76],"study":[77,92],"used":[78],"deep":[80],"learning":[81],"method":[82,114,177],"process":[84],"progressive":[85],"improvement":[86],"moving":[88],"detection.":[90,112],"proposed":[93,147],"You":[95],"Only":[96],"Look":[97],"Once":[98],"version":[99],"4":[100],"(YOLOv4)":[101],"supplemented":[102],"fence":[105],"method,":[106],"called":[107],"YOLOv4(III),":[108],"enhance":[110],"had":[115,161],"high":[116,141],"detection":[117,158,176],"accuracy":[118],"low":[120],"false":[121,157],"omission":[122],"rates":[123,159],"general":[126],"DVR":[127],"equipment,":[128],"it":[130],"provided":[131],"comparison":[132],"results.":[133],"There":[134],"was":[135,149],"no":[136],"need":[137],"have":[139,152],"specification":[142],"camera,":[144],"YOLOv4(III)":[148,155],"found":[150],"competitive":[153],"performance.":[154],"reduced":[156],"more":[163],"stable":[164],"frame":[165],"per":[166],"second":[167],"(FPS)":[168],"performance":[169],"than":[170],"features.":[173],"improved":[175],"give":[179],"an":[180],"alert":[181],"drivers":[185],"avoid":[187],"serious":[188],"collisions,":[189],"leading":[190],"reduction":[193],"waste":[196],"social":[198],"resources.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}