{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212768742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926","title":"Individual Tree Identification in ULS Point Clouds Using a Crown Width Mixed-Effects Model Based on NFI Data","display_name":"Individual Tree Identification in ULS Point Clouds Using a Crown Width Mixed-Effects Model Based on NFI Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212768742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/926/pdf?version=1644998104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/926/pdf?version=1644998104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045075775","display_name":"Jaroslav Kubi\u0161ta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2338-3625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126036","display_name":"Forestry and Game Management Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/034cj1z12","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205984670","display_name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/0415vcw02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaroslav Kubi\u0161ta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic","Forest Management Institute, N\u00e1b\u0159e\u017en\u00ed 1326, 250 01 Brand\u00fds nad Labem, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Management Institute, N\u00e1b\u0159e\u017en\u00ed 1326, 250 01 Brand\u00fds nad Labem, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126036"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038064423","display_name":"Peter Surov\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-8661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205984670","display_name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/0415vcw02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Surov\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045075775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670","https://openalex.org/I4210126036"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4612156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"926","last_page":"926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.6495760083198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6256179213523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5204823017120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.48504942655563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.46885380148887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.45096781849861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4239712953567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-effects-model","display_name":"Random effects model","score":0.4232943654060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3379102647304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.30974462628364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.239082932472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1408635675907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.11298555135726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0987159013748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07959255576133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07345303893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.06903299689292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.06157746911048889}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.6495760083198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6256179213523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5204823017120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.48504942655563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.46885380148887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.45096781849861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4239712953567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168743327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826427","display_name":"Random effects model","level":3,"score":0.4232943654060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3379102647304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.30974462628364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.239082932472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1408635675907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.11298555135726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0987159013748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07959255576133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07345303893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.06903299689292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.06157746911048889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/926/pdf?version=1644998104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12daad9effda4cb99a748e2a1f1face2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12daad9effda4cb99a748e2a1f1face2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 926 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/4/926/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 4; Pages: 926","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040926","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/926/pdf?version=1644998104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212768742.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212768742.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974258697","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W2018985705","https://openalex.org/W2037949360","https://openalex.org/W2067700218","https://openalex.org/W2082602113","https://openalex.org/W2101300217","https://openalex.org/W2147475917","https://openalex.org/W2158411533","https://openalex.org/W2400433442","https://openalex.org/W2425812835","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2522082277","https://openalex.org/W2591466624","https://openalex.org/W2810813638","https://openalex.org/W2897089854","https://openalex.org/W2948581472","https://openalex.org/W2952757700","https://openalex.org/W2969326176","https://openalex.org/W3015952109","https://openalex.org/W3168924500","https://openalex.org/W4399582452","https://openalex.org/W4399649025","https://openalex.org/W4399649243","https://openalex.org/W6635149568","https://openalex.org/W6682004059","https://openalex.org/W6727354112","https://openalex.org/W6753041831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W4399030596","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4293059742","https://openalex.org/W2082802685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"linear":[1],"mixed-effects":[2],"model":[3,34,70,107],"was":[4,35,110,114,131],"used":[5,36],"to":[6,10,37,48,103],"relate":[7],"crown":[8,138],"width":[9],"height":[11],"using":[12],"an":[13,154],"inventory":[14],"plot":[15],"as":[16,145],"a":[17,42,105,146],"random":[18],"effect":[19],"for":[20,41,74,99,153],"trees":[21,120],"in":[22,53,116,128,159],"Czechia":[23],"based":[24,78],"on":[25,79],"data":[26],"from":[27,140],"the":[28,75],"National":[29],"Forest":[30],"Inventory":[31],"(NFI).":[32],"This":[33],"estimate":[38],"window":[39,156],"size":[40,157],"local":[43],"maximum":[44],"filter":[45],"procedure":[46],"(LMF)":[47],"detect":[49],"individual":[50],"tree":[51,141],"tops":[52],"unmanned":[54],"aerial":[55],"laser":[56],"scanning":[57],"(ULS)":[58],"point":[59,148],"clouds":[60],"of":[61,149],"mixed":[62],"species":[63],"forest":[64],"stands":[65,118],"with":[66,85,119],"diverse":[67],"structures.":[68],"Random":[69],"parameters":[71],"were":[72,122],"estimated":[73],"study":[76],"site":[77],"several":[80],"sample":[81],"trees.":[82],"Models":[83],"calibrated":[84,135],"five":[86],"or":[87],"more":[88],"samples":[89],"achieved":[90],"significantly":[91],"better":[92],"results":[93],"(mean":[94],"percentage":[95],"error;":[96],"MPE":[97],"\u22120.17":[98],"5":[100,124],"samples)":[101],"compared":[102],"when":[104,151],"fixed-effects":[106],"(MPE":[108],"\u22120.62)":[109],"used.":[111],"Lower":[112],"performance":[113],"observed":[115],"dense":[117],"that":[121,133],"between":[123],"and":[125],"10":[126],"m":[127],"height.":[129],"It":[130],"concluded":[132],"locally":[134],"models":[136],"predicting":[137],"widths":[139],"heights":[142],"might":[143],"serve":[144],"universal":[147],"departure":[150],"searching":[152],"optimal":[155],"setting":[158],"LMF":[160],"procedures.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-02-24T00:00:00"}