{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211178993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819","title":"A Comparative Study of Convolutional Neural Networks and Conventional Machine Learning Models for Lithological Mapping Using Remote Sensing Data","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Convolutional Neural Networks and Conventional Machine Learning Models for Lithological Mapping Using Remote Sensing Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211178993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/819/pdf?version=1644971763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/819/pdf?version=1644971763","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076485048","display_name":"Hojat Shirmard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hojat Shirmard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mining Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049019010","display_name":"Ehsan Farahbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Farahbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059870188","display_name":"Elnaz Heidari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158248296","display_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzbav43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elnaz Heidari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158248296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085075651","display_name":"Amin Beiranvand Pour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-5120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157696592","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu","ror":"https://ror.org/02474f074","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Beiranvand Pour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059040421","display_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["AU","MY","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042746575","display_name":"R. Dietmar M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3334-5764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietmar M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043246042","display_name":"Rohitash Chandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-1464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1337719021","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337719021","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210132349"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohitash Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics for Resources and Environments, Australian Research Council\u2014Industrial Transformation Training Centre,  Canberra, NSW 2052, Australia","UNSW Data Science Hub & School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics for Resources and Environments, Australian Research Council\u2014Industrial Transformation Training Centre,  Canberra, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1337719021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW Data Science Hub & School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049019010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":12.9716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98996632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"819","last_page":"819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-spaceborne-thermal-emission-and-reflection-radiometer","display_name":"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer","score":0.7448263764381409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7250649929046631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5441282391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prospectivity-mapping","display_name":"Prospectivity mapping","score":0.49698498845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4933835566043854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49070632457733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geologic-map","display_name":"Geologic map","score":0.4799816310405731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.46206411719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4527303874492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3137816786766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3039206266403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.141845703125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13772937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298019","display_name":"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer","level":3,"score":0.7448263764381409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7250649929046631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5441282391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55358776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250848","display_name":"Prospectivity mapping","level":3,"score":0.49698498845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4933835566043854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49070632457733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82586738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193842","display_name":"Geologic map","level":2,"score":0.4799816310405731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.46206411719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4527303874492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3137816786766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3039206266403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.141845703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/819/pdf?version=1644971763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26cfabbea7384e1d86e88bc83d693e32","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26cfabbea7384e1d86e88bc83d693e32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 4, p 819 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/4/819/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14040819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040819","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/819/pdf?version=1644971763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211178993.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211178993.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1044299615","https://openalex.org/W1873247184","https://openalex.org/W1980789580","https://openalex.org/W1995345006","https://openalex.org/W1998230732","https://openalex.org/W2000532370","https://openalex.org/W2027442956","https://openalex.org/W2028542827","https://openalex.org/W2050162669","https://openalex.org/W2077032720","https://openalex.org/W2081700482","https://openalex.org/W2082140503","https://openalex.org/W2084469944","https://openalex.org/W2090312876","https://openalex.org/W2100921418","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2106756786","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113404166","https://openalex.org/W2140740764","https://openalex.org/W2153262831","https://openalex.org/W2161136893","https://openalex.org/W2181348146","https://openalex.org/W2212207508","https://openalex.org/W2338171387","https://openalex.org/W2466877391","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2623455008","https://openalex.org/W2735326783","https://openalex.org/W2740311783","https://openalex.org/W2761781479","https://openalex.org/W2767447466","https://openalex.org/W2789772486","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2794333831","https://openalex.org/W2883471703","https://openalex.org/W2894899844","https://openalex.org/W2915496660","https://openalex.org/W2920827296","https://openalex.org/W2936859456","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943419739","https://openalex.org/W2947319370","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963382153","https://openalex.org/W2963916433","https://openalex.org/W2967273239","https://openalex.org/W2990443604","https://openalex.org/W2996833431","https://openalex.org/W2997603424","https://openalex.org/W3004713282","https://openalex.org/W3012833929","https://openalex.org/W3015860713","https://openalex.org/W3016296757","https://openalex.org/W3023114228","https://openalex.org/W3030289169","https://openalex.org/W3044930361","https://openalex.org/W3081379695","https://openalex.org/W3082511830","https://openalex.org/W3086117727","https://openalex.org/W3105575747","https://openalex.org/W3114915038","https://openalex.org/W3123623091","https://openalex.org/W3129544296","https://openalex.org/W3173704495","https://openalex.org/W3176170885","https://openalex.org/W3193496419","https://openalex.org/W3208943037","https://openalex.org/W3209698263","https://openalex.org/W4213154849","https://openalex.org/W4250005612","https://openalex.org/W6639394105","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6685765873","https://openalex.org/W6688550160","https://openalex.org/W6758942641","https://openalex.org/W6782899830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234322959","https://openalex.org/W2041413007","https://openalex.org/W1134334803","https://openalex.org/W1573373265","https://openalex.org/W2072504176","https://openalex.org/W4285205761","https://openalex.org/W3206813773","https://openalex.org/W4247873768","https://openalex.org/W2963315392","https://openalex.org/W2140051832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lithological":[0],"mapping":[1,8,70],"is":[2,29],"a":[3,19,30,43,63,98,224],"critical":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,18,46,52,97,104,113,117,159,166],"geological":[7],"that":[9,41,141,189],"can":[10,61,204],"be":[11,205],"useful":[12],"in":[13,37,101,153,201,215],"studying":[14],"the":[15,102,111,149,160,164,172,176,192],"mineralization":[16],"potential":[17],"region":[20],"and":[21,48,57,66,82,90,109,132,136,143,168,175,179,184],"has":[22],"implications":[23],"for":[24,69,207],"mineral":[25],"prospectivity":[26],"mapping.":[27],"This":[28,73],"challenging":[31],"task":[32],"if":[33],"performed":[34],"manually,":[35],"particularly":[36],"highly":[38],"remote":[39,58],"areas":[40],"require":[42],"large":[44],"number":[45],"participants":[47],"resources.":[49],"The":[50,138,198],"combination":[51,165],"machine":[53],"learning":[54,77],"(ML)":[55],"methods":[56,85,146],"sensing":[59],"data":[60,152,170,194,222],"provide":[62],"quick,":[64],"low-cost,":[65],"accurate":[67,156,212],"approach":[68],"lithological":[71,95,157,213],"units.":[72],"study":[74,161,203],"used":[75,108],"deep":[76],"via":[78],"convolutional":[79],"neural":[80],"networks":[81],"conventional":[83,144],"ML":[84,145],"involving":[86],"support":[87],"vector":[88],"machines":[89],"multilayer":[91],"perceptron":[92],"to":[93,210],"map":[94,158],"units":[96],"mineral-rich":[99],"area":[100],"southeast":[103],"Iran.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"we":[107],"compared":[110],"efficiency":[112],"three":[114],"different":[115],"types":[116],"multispectral":[118],"remote-sensing":[119,151,221],"data,":[120],"including":[121],"Landsat":[122],"8":[123],"operational":[124],"land":[125],"imager":[126],"(OLI),":[127],"advanced":[128],"spaceborne":[129],"thermal":[130],"emission":[131],"reflection":[133],"radiometer":[134],"(ASTER),":[135],"Sentinel-2.":[137],"results":[139,187],"show":[140],"CNNs":[142,167],"effectively":[147],"use":[148],"respective":[150],"generating":[154],"an":[155],"area.":[162],"However,":[163],"ASTER":[169],"provides":[171],"best":[173],"performance":[174],"highest":[177],"accuracy":[178],"adaptability":[180],"with":[181],"field":[182],"observations":[183],"laboratory":[185],"analysis":[186],"so":[188],"almost":[190],"all":[191],"test":[193],"are":[195],"predicted":[196],"correctly.":[197],"framework":[199],"proposed":[200],"this":[202],"helpful":[206],"exploration":[208],"geologists":[209],"create":[211],"maps":[214],"other":[216],"regions":[217],"by":[218],"using":[219],"various":[220],"at":[223],"low":[225],"cost.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}