{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210324682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691","title":"Noise Floor and Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Radio Occultation Observations: A Cross-Mission Statistical Comparison","display_name":"Noise Floor and Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Radio Occultation Observations: A Cross-Mission Statistical Comparison","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210324682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/691/pdf?version=1644388729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/691/pdf?version=1644388729","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063132067","display_name":"M. E. Gorbunov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2738-0547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150607","display_name":"A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/03snt1857","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210150607","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163472","display_name":"Spire Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyv4c82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298358339","display_name":"Hydrometeorological Research Centre of Russian Federation","ror":"https://ror.org/04pv4k943","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298358339"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gorbunov","raw_affiliation_strings":["A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky Per. 3, 119017 Moscow, Russia","Hydrometcenter of Russia, 13, Building 1, Bolshoy Predtechensky Lane, 123376 Moscow, Russia","Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky Per. 3, 119017 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometcenter of Russia, 13, Building 1, Bolshoy Predtechensky Lane, 123376 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298358339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041307850","display_name":"V. Irisov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-7978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163472","display_name":"Spire Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyv4c82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Irisov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010227609","display_name":"Christian Rocken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163472","display_name":"Spire Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyv4c82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Rocken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spire Global, Inc., 1690 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063132067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298358339","https://openalex.org/I4210150607","https://openalex.org/I4210163472"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.204,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77821136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"691","last_page":"691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-occultation","display_name":"Radio occultation","score":0.6414151191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6349501609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5780085921287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5617443323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-cancer-database","display_name":"COSMIC cancer database","score":0.5609113574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5206096172332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5130647420883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.48271963000297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4308118522167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4131242632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3976421058177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2698380947113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23173153400421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.10919654369354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07007884979248047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777034083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1560557","display_name":"Radio occultation","level":3,"score":0.6414151191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6349501609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5780085921287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5617443323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59375849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013513","display_name":"COSMIC cancer database","level":2,"score":0.5609113574028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5206096172332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5130647420883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.48271963000297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4308118522167206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4131242632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3976421058177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2698380947113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23173153400421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.10919654369354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07007884979248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/691/pdf?version=1644388729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f02da40169c4d3da54d8b2ece235a06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f02da40169c4d3da54d8b2ece235a06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 691 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/3/691/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 691","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/691/pdf?version=1644388729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4576203236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20-05-00189 A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321079","funder_display_name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308614","display_name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhhyn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321079","display_name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh1ke95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324517","display_name":"National Space Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/03dcxwy38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210324682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210324682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1775247981","https://openalex.org/W1964802290","https://openalex.org/W1969813484","https://openalex.org/W1970261111","https://openalex.org/W1978078285","https://openalex.org/W1999135433","https://openalex.org/W2013773228","https://openalex.org/W2023357894","https://openalex.org/W2039768883","https://openalex.org/W2045906584","https://openalex.org/W2084038732","https://openalex.org/W2103761658","https://openalex.org/W2103839374","https://openalex.org/W2128484936","https://openalex.org/W2146691689","https://openalex.org/W2163677302","https://openalex.org/W2579144517","https://openalex.org/W2762811682","https://openalex.org/W2787814580","https://openalex.org/W3004506590","https://openalex.org/W3042573543","https://openalex.org/W3043774975","https://openalex.org/W3090286430","https://openalex.org/W3096653439","https://openalex.org/W3112443059","https://openalex.org/W3208956129","https://openalex.org/W6802655117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042794997","https://openalex.org/W3175438069","https://openalex.org/W4212823301","https://openalex.org/W2039343963","https://openalex.org/W1985452345","https://openalex.org/W2156388354","https://openalex.org/W4205583780","https://openalex.org/W4246097668","https://openalex.org/W2010515193","https://openalex.org/W2896924513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"radio":[1],"occultation":[2],"(RO)":[3],"missions":[4,22,98,111],"are":[5,10,61,73],"currently":[6],"providing":[7],"observations":[8],"that":[9,109],"assimilated":[11],"by":[12,63],"the":[13,24,29,58,64,68,77,83,88,92,128,142],"world\u2019s":[14],"leading":[15],"numerical":[16],"weather":[17],"prediction":[18],"centers.":[19],"These":[20],"RO":[21,84,97,147],"use":[23,127],"same":[25],"signals":[26],"originating":[27],"from":[28,145],"Global":[30],"Navigation":[31],"Satellite":[32],"Systems":[33],"(GNSS),":[34],"but":[35],"they":[36,72],"have":[37,112],"different":[38,44,51,55,110,113,117,146],"satellite":[39],"designs":[40],"and":[41,46,94,105,116,119],"sizes":[42],"with":[43],"antennas":[45],"receivers.":[47],"This":[48],"results":[49],"in":[50,138],"noise":[52],"levels":[53],"for":[54,96],"missions.":[56,148],"Although":[57],"amplitude":[59],"data":[60],"characterized":[62],"Signal-to-Noise":[65],"Ratio":[66],"(SNR),":[67],"noise,":[69],"to":[70,126,140],"which":[71],"normalized,":[74],"is":[75],"not":[76],"real":[78],"Noise":[79],"Floor":[80],"(NF)":[81],"of":[82,91],"observations.":[85],"We":[86,107,124],"study":[87],"statistical":[89],"distributions":[90],"SNR":[93,120,135,143],"NF":[95,114,118,131],"including":[99],"COSMIC,":[100],"COSMIC2,":[101],"METOP-A,":[102],"METOP-B,":[103],"METOP-C,":[104],"Spire.":[106],"demonstrate":[108],"values":[115,144],"distributions,":[121],"sometimes":[122],"multimodal.":[123],"propose":[125],"most":[129],"probable":[130],"value":[132],"as":[133],"an":[134],"normalization":[136],"constant":[137],"order":[139],"compare":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}