{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210667659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676","title":"Artificial Neural Network-Based Ionospheric Delay Correction Method for Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems","display_name":"Artificial Neural Network-Based Ionospheric Delay Correction Method for Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210667659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/676/pdf?version=1644385310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/676/pdf?version=1644385310","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388412","display_name":"Shan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-5254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008901640","display_name":"Ding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-9303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036518716","display_name":"Junren Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-1933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junren Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100388412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.3875,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91298768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"676","last_page":"676"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6153548955917358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5464247465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.544888436794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5415807366371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4628905653953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4226735830307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42127954959869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4128255546092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.24157637357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24059927463531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16504055261611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11623495817184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.09766578674316406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6153548955917358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5464247465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.544888436794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5415807366371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4628905653953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4226735830307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42127954959869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4128255546092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.24157637357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24059927463531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16504055261611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11623495817184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.09766578674316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/676/pdf?version=1644385310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db0a46cc0db8446f976ef5df4ea05cf6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db0a46cc0db8446f976ef5df4ea05cf6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 676 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/3/676/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/676/pdf?version=1644385310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210667659.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210667659.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557119227","https://openalex.org/W1612940272","https://openalex.org/W1664371057","https://openalex.org/W1974107091","https://openalex.org/W2034180030","https://openalex.org/W2039852947","https://openalex.org/W2043643642","https://openalex.org/W2085781734","https://openalex.org/W2117399803","https://openalex.org/W2288415265","https://openalex.org/W2523809858","https://openalex.org/W2789500202","https://openalex.org/W2809687163","https://openalex.org/W2894278939","https://openalex.org/W2901229001","https://openalex.org/W2908021568","https://openalex.org/W2912183825","https://openalex.org/W2915621969","https://openalex.org/W2936332048","https://openalex.org/W2947309646","https://openalex.org/W2954417198","https://openalex.org/W2962971407","https://openalex.org/W2992962320","https://openalex.org/W2997277568","https://openalex.org/W3007460776","https://openalex.org/W3022164792","https://openalex.org/W3022995699","https://openalex.org/W3026764472","https://openalex.org/W3029542346","https://openalex.org/W3047048055","https://openalex.org/W3048746443","https://openalex.org/W3092290229","https://openalex.org/W3120061964","https://openalex.org/W3120274775","https://openalex.org/W3155639900","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636420671","https://openalex.org/W6695917744","https://openalex.org/W6757677084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968523686","https://openalex.org/W298893735","https://openalex.org/W2199291344","https://openalex.org/W4210770325","https://openalex.org/W2211316729","https://openalex.org/W2167342507","https://openalex.org/W4221140712","https://openalex.org/W4247222564","https://openalex.org/W2354177919","https://openalex.org/W3123323883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ionospheric":[0,25,97],"delay":[1,51,235],"is":[2,89,132,158,169,184,226,269],"a":[3,14,172,261],"critical":[4],"error":[5,237],"source":[6],"in":[7,112,134,252],"Global":[8],"Navigation":[9],"Satellite":[10,18],"Systems":[11],"(GNSSs)":[12],"and":[13,122,129,143,165,216],"principal":[15],"aspect":[16],"of":[17,84,95,146,163,180,190,222,241,263],"Based":[19],"Augmentation":[20],"System":[21],"(SBAS)":[22],"corrections.":[23],"Grid":[24,72,96],"Vertical":[26,98],"Delays":[27],"(GIVDs)":[28],"are":[29,40,65,78,101,109,138,149,197],"derived":[30,185],"from":[31],"the":[32,76,81,92,124,177,181,188,191,203,213,219,223,233,266],"delays":[33],"on":[34,151,187,199],"Ionosphere":[35,71],"Pierce":[36],"Points":[37],"(IPPs),":[38],"which":[39,168],"observed":[41],"by":[42,53],"SBAS":[43,46],"reference":[44],"stations.":[45],"master":[47],"stations":[48],"calculate":[49],"ionospheric":[50,113,209,234],"corrections":[52],"several":[54],"methods,":[55,218],"such":[56],"as":[57,171],"planar":[58,85,214,273],"fit":[59,86,215,274],"or":[60,75,87,275],"Kriging.":[61,255,276],"However,":[62],"when":[63],"there":[64],"not":[66],"enough":[67],"IPPs":[68,77],"around":[69],"an":[70],"Point":[73],"(IGP)":[74],"unevenly":[79],"distributed,":[80],"fitting":[82],"accuracy":[83],"Kriging":[88,217],"unsatisfactory.":[90],"Moreover,":[91],"integrity":[93],"bounds":[94],"Errors":[99],"(GIVEs)":[100],"overly":[102],"conservative.":[103],"Since":[104],"Artificial":[105],"Neural":[106],"Networks":[107,137],"(ANNs)":[108],"widely":[110],"used":[111],"research":[114],"due":[115,259],"to":[116,254,260],"their":[117],"self-adaptation,":[118],"parallelism,":[119],"non-linearity,":[120],"robustness,":[121],"learnability,":[123],"ANN":[125,182,224,230,267],"method":[126,183,225,231,268],"for":[127,141,160],"GIVD":[128],"GIVE":[130,178,242],"derivation":[131],"proposed":[133],"this":[135],"article.":[136],"separately":[139],"trained":[140],"IGPs,":[142],"five":[144],"years":[145],"historical":[147],"data":[148],"applied":[150,159],"network":[152,173],"training.":[153],"Principal":[154],"Component":[155],"Analysis":[156],"(PCA)":[157],"dimensionality":[161],"reduction":[162,221],"geomagnetic":[164],"solar":[166],"indices,":[167],"employed":[170],"input":[174],"feature.":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"algorithm":[179],"based":[186],"distribution":[189],"residual":[192,220,236],"random":[193],"variable.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"experiments":[196],"conducted":[198],"12":[200],"IGPs":[201],"over":[202],"East":[204],"China":[205],"region.":[206],"Under":[207,256],"normal":[208],"conditions,":[210,258],"compared":[211,271],"with":[212,272],"approximately":[227],"15%.":[228],"The":[229,239],"fits":[232],"better.":[238],"percentage":[240],"availability":[243],"under":[244],"2.7":[245],"m":[246],"increases":[247],"at":[248],"least":[249],"25":[250],"points":[251],"comparison":[253],"disturbed":[257],"lack":[262],"training":[264],"samples,":[265],"incompetent":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}