{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210452150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644","title":"Incorporating Aleatoric Uncertainties in Lake Ice Mapping Using RADARSAT\u20132 SAR Images and CNNs","display_name":"Incorporating Aleatoric Uncertainties in Lake Ice Mapping Using RADARSAT\u20132 SAR Images and CNNs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210452150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/644/pdf?version=1644283815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/644/pdf?version=1644283815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083715948","display_name":"Nastaran Saberi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nastaran Saberi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113036304","display_name":"Katharine Scott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katharine Andrea Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069727604","display_name":"Claude Duguay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Duguay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-5850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083715948"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.8447,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65035822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"644","last_page":"644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6415894627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5559327602386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-water","display_name":"Open water","score":0.5527452826499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5079148411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4843922257423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.47261810302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.4449905753135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3796939253807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3671156167984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2356390655040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.1315329372882843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1158890426158905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6415894627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5559327602386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988608701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3329332","display_name":"Open water","level":2,"score":0.5527452826499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5079148411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4843922257423401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.47261810302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.4449905753135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3796939253807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3671156167984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2356390655040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.1315329372882843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1158890426158905}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/644/pdf?version=1644283815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f9ac0b5b69345bf926491a9043a8b59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f9ac0b5b69345bf926491a9043a8b59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 644 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/3/644/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 644","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/644/pdf?version=1644283815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336032","display_name":"Global Water Futures","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210452150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210452150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965152858","https://openalex.org/W1970590897","https://openalex.org/W1980508351","https://openalex.org/W1998002959","https://openalex.org/W2014244352","https://openalex.org/W2031447753","https://openalex.org/W2039070965","https://openalex.org/W2056483786","https://openalex.org/W2070112056","https://openalex.org/W2100235001","https://openalex.org/W2100726154","https://openalex.org/W2111941937","https://openalex.org/W2142026865","https://openalex.org/W2223430424","https://openalex.org/W2463404136","https://openalex.org/W2468940274","https://openalex.org/W2518108298","https://openalex.org/W2560167313","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2621042270","https://openalex.org/W2626731168","https://openalex.org/W2747165560","https://openalex.org/W2757678917","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2779506598","https://openalex.org/W2802698996","https://openalex.org/W2898936684","https://openalex.org/W2900828225","https://openalex.org/W2909392985","https://openalex.org/W2919352650","https://openalex.org/W3014596384","https://openalex.org/W3022378226","https://openalex.org/W3034768790","https://openalex.org/W3040593397","https://openalex.org/W3047090321","https://openalex.org/W3088073951","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W3134774296","https://openalex.org/W3162181135","https://openalex.org/W6719996260","https://openalex.org/W6795154026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391311960","https://openalex.org/W2793357704","https://openalex.org/W4386617716","https://openalex.org/W2184765375","https://openalex.org/W3152163876","https://openalex.org/W773765100","https://openalex.org/W4313058144","https://openalex.org/W2622615123","https://openalex.org/W2738763808","https://openalex.org/W3207011232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,20,58,91,99,130,142,155,178,184,187,199,220,248,260,270,286,293,304],"increasing":[2],"availability":[3],"of":[4,22,104,134,141,147,166,186,202,222,247,277,280],"SAR":[5,167],"imagery":[6],"in":[7,102,210,244,269,285,303],"recent":[8],"years,":[9],"more":[10],"research":[11],"is":[12,43],"being":[13],"conducted":[14],"using":[15,33,77,251],"deep":[16],"learning":[17],"(DL)":[18],"for":[19,52,89,177,290],"classification":[21,32],"ice":[23,28,54,109,132,200,261,282],"and":[24,29,110,122,137,174,181,216,225,233,238,254],"open":[25,30,111,239,294],"water;":[26],"however,":[27],"water":[31,112,224,240,295],"conventional":[34],"DL":[35,79],"methods":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38,191,274],"convolutional":[39],"neural":[40],"networks":[41],"(CNNs)":[42],"not":[44],"yet":[45],"accurate":[46],"enough":[47],"to":[48,67,97,107,119,171,182],"replace":[49],"manual":[50],"analysis":[51,152],"operational":[53],"chart":[55],"mapping.":[56],"Understanding":[57],"uncertainties":[59],"associated":[60],"with":[61,113],"CNN":[62,105,179],"model":[63,180,188,208],"predictions":[64],"can":[65],"help":[66],"quantify":[68],"errors":[69],"and,":[70],"therefore,":[71],"guide":[72],"efforts":[73],"on":[74,163,198,267,301],"potential":[75],"enhancements":[76],"more\u2013advanced":[78],"models":[80],"and/or":[81],"synergistic":[82],"approaches.":[83],"This":[84],"paper":[85],"evaluates":[86],"an":[87,196],"approach":[88],"estimating":[90],"aleatoric":[92,214,252],"uncertainty":[93],"[a":[94],"measure":[95],"used":[96,170],"identify":[98],"noise":[100],"inherent":[101],"data]":[103],"probabilities":[106],"map":[108],"a":[114,192,275],"custom":[115],"loss":[116,215,253],"function":[117],"applied":[118],"RADARSAT\u20132":[120],"HH":[121],"HV":[123],"observations.":[124],"The":[125],"images":[126],"were":[127,242],"acquired":[128],"during":[129,207],"2014":[131],"season":[133],"Lake":[135,138,258,291],"Erie":[136],"Ontario,":[139,292],"two":[140],"five":[143],"Laurentian":[144],"Great":[145],"Lakes":[146],"North":[148],"America.":[149],"Operational":[150],"image":[151],"charts":[153],"from":[154],"Canadian":[156],"Ice":[157,237],"Service":[158],"(CIS),":[159],"which":[160],"are":[161,169,228],"based":[162],"visual":[164],"interpretation":[165],"imagery,":[168],"provide":[172],"training":[173,209],"testing":[175],"labels":[176],"evaluate":[183],"accuracy":[185,221],"predictions.":[189],"Bathymetry,":[190],"variable":[193],"that":[194],"has":[195],"impact":[197],"regime":[201],"lakes,":[203],"was":[204,263,297],"also":[205],"incorporated":[206],"supplementary":[211],"experiments.":[212],"Adding":[213],"bathymetry":[217],"information":[218],"improved":[219,243,264,298],"mapping":[223,279],"ice.":[226],"Results":[227],"evaluated":[229],"quantitatively":[230],"(accuracy":[231],"metrics)":[232],"qualitatively":[234],"(visual":[235],"comparisons).":[236],"scores":[241],"some":[245],"sections":[246],"lakes":[249],"by":[250,265,299],"including":[255],"bathymetry.":[256],"In":[257],"Erie,":[259],"score":[262,296],"\u223c2":[266],"average":[268,302],"shallow":[271],"near\u2013shore":[272],"zone":[273],"result":[276],"better":[278],"dark":[281],"(low":[283],"backscatter)":[284],"western":[287],"basin.":[288],"As":[289],"\u223c6":[300],"deepest":[305],"profundal":[306],"off\u2013shore":[307],"zone.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}