{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210358488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594","title":"Variation Characteristics of Multi-Channel Differential Code Biases from New BDS-3 Signal Observations","display_name":"Variation Characteristics of Multi-Channel Differential Code Biases from New BDS-3 Signal Observations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210358488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/594/pdf?version=1643206422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/594/pdf?version=1643206422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067087042","display_name":"Qiqi Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-048X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiqi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052926185","display_name":"Shuanggen Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuanggen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052926185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I2799714274","https://openalex.org/I4210166499"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":1.6915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89070287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"594","last_page":"594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.7038302421569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.6764963269233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5934231281280518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.5671916007995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5050185322761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4637852907180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4324406683444977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4053765535354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34166789054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.27766597270965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26580119132995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19077420234680176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.7038302421569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.6764963269233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5934231281280518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5671916007995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5050185322761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4637852907180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4324406683444977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4053765535354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34166789054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27766597270965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26580119132995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19077420234680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/594/pdf?version=1643206422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a9dcc7727d5411d81253172e0a774ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a9dcc7727d5411d81253172e0a774ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 594 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/3/594/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030594","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/594/pdf?version=1643206422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6429699653","display_name":"\u9ad8\u9891GNSS\u89c2\u6d4b\u4f30\u8ba1\u5730\u9707\u7535\u79bb\u5c42\u6270\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a\u53ca\u673a\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"12073012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210358488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210358488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W1917116705","https://openalex.org/W1958157063","https://openalex.org/W1982609194","https://openalex.org/W2037280841","https://openalex.org/W2043643642","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2143511888","https://openalex.org/W2148255198","https://openalex.org/W2267340519","https://openalex.org/W2273192325","https://openalex.org/W2285716969","https://openalex.org/W2519861347","https://openalex.org/W2525779449","https://openalex.org/W2573739355","https://openalex.org/W2789338851","https://openalex.org/W2790002011","https://openalex.org/W2895220625","https://openalex.org/W2903633520","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2995656004","https://openalex.org/W2997022058","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3029181473","https://openalex.org/W3030176708","https://openalex.org/W3087304289","https://openalex.org/W3092874253","https://openalex.org/W3114606417","https://openalex.org/W3124810643","https://openalex.org/W3133898506","https://openalex.org/W3165603079","https://openalex.org/W3198322006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065350823","https://openalex.org/W2495860388","https://openalex.org/W3206400163","https://openalex.org/W2319461109","https://openalex.org/W4313886850","https://openalex.org/W2900665734","https://openalex.org/W288293275","https://openalex.org/W3198160857","https://openalex.org/W4322736979","https://openalex.org/W1986897593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"multi-frequency":[1,25],"Global":[2,18],"Navigation":[3,19],"Satellite":[4,20],"System":[5,21],"(GNSS)":[6],"provides":[7],"greater":[8],"opportunities":[9],"for":[10],"positioning":[11],"and":[12,41,71,90,104,137,145,179,190],"navigation":[13],"applications,":[14],"particularly":[15],"the":[16,45,59,75,80,87,119,122,155,184,196,202,224,230,233,240,243,247,250,256,265],"BeiDou":[17],"(BDS-3)":[22],"satellites.":[23],"However,":[24],"signals":[26,48,62],"import":[27],"more":[28,33,171],"pseudorange":[29],"channels,":[30],"which":[31],"introduce":[32],"multi-channel":[34],"Differential":[35],"Code":[36],"Biases":[37],"(DCBs).":[38],"The":[39,108,130,149,205],"satellite":[40,99,109,157,168,182],"receiver":[42,185,210,222,244,259,268],"DCBs":[43,100,110,158,169,186,211,245],"from":[44,63],"new":[46,60,97],"BDS-3":[47,61,98],"are":[49,69,101,111,141,170,212],"not":[50],"clear.":[51],"In":[52,164,254],"this":[53],"study,":[54],"9":[55],"DCB":[56,76,174],"types":[57,220],"of":[58,83,96,121,133,154,207,221,226,232,242,258,267],"30-days":[64],"Multi-GNSS":[65],"Experiment":[66],"(MGEX)":[67],"observations":[68],"estimated":[70,156,167,209],"investigated.":[72],"Compared":[73],"with":[74,116,195,249],"values":[77,140],"provided":[78,176],"by":[79,177],"Chinese":[81],"Academy":[82],"Science":[84],"(CAS)":[85],"products,":[86],"mean":[88,92,139,150],"bias":[89],"root":[91],"squares":[93],"(RMS)":[94],"error":[95],"within":[102,113,142],"\u00b10.20":[103],"0.30":[105],"ns,":[106,147],"respectively.":[107,148],"mostly":[112],"\u00b10.40":[114],"ns":[115,144],"respect":[117],"to":[118,201,218],"product":[120],"Deutsches":[123],"Zentrum":[124],"f\u00fcr":[125],"Luft-":[126],"und":[127],"Raumfahrt":[128],"(DLR).":[129],"four":[131],"sets":[132],"constructed":[134],"closure":[135],"errors":[136],"their":[138],"\u00b10.30":[143],"\u00b10.15":[146],"standard":[151],"deviation":[152],"(STD)":[153],"is":[159],"less":[160,213],"than":[161,173,214],"0.10":[162],"ns.":[163,216],"particular,":[165],"our":[166,208],"stable":[172],"products":[175],"CAS":[178,203],"DLR.":[180],"Unlike":[181],"DCBs,":[183,223],"have":[187],"poor":[188],"compliance":[189],"show":[191],"an":[192,237],"obvious":[193],"relationship":[194],"geographic":[197],"latitude":[198],"when":[199],"compared":[200],"products.":[204],"STDs":[206,227],"1.00":[215],"According":[217],"different":[219],"distribution":[225],"indicates":[228],"that":[229],"coefficient":[231],"ionospheric":[234],"correction":[235],"has":[236],"influence":[238],"on":[239,264],"stability":[241,266],"under":[246],"ionosphere":[248],"same":[251],"accuracy":[252],"level.":[253],"addition,":[255],"type":[257],"shows":[260],"no":[261],"regular":[262],"effects":[263],"DCBs.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}