{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206607081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274","title":"Aerial Imagery Paddy Seedlings Inspection Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Aerial Imagery Paddy Seedlings Inspection Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206607081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14020274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/2/274/pdf?version=1641557017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/2/274/pdf?version=1641557017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089898396","display_name":"Mohamed Marzhar Anuar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Marzhar Anuar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Engineering Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Engineering Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032658665","display_name":"Alfian Abdul Halin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-4496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfian Abdul Halin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010360702","display_name":"Thinagaran Perumal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-5413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thinagaran Perumal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055002169","display_name":"Bahareh Kalantar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2822-3463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126580","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project","ror":"https://ror.org/03ckxwf91","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bahareh Kalantar","raw_affiliation_strings":["RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Goal-Oriented Technology Research Group, Disaster Resilience Science Team, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Goal-Oriented Technology Research Group, Disaster Resilience Science Team, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055002169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126580"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.4316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95204071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"274","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7346158623695374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.664213240146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6263123750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.5964177846908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5653741955757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sowing","display_name":"Sowing","score":0.5407123565673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.48866894841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4847433269023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41576358675956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3306069076061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.1463594138622284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0811721682548523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7346158623695374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.664213240146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6263123750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5964177846908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5653741955757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.5407123565673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.48866894841194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4847433269023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41576358675956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3306069076061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.1463594138622284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0811721682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14020274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/2/274/pdf?version=1641557017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d80c4e8168d34b9d8744e9eb29938ae9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d80c4e8168d34b9d8744e9eb29938ae9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 274 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/2/274/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 2; Pages: 274","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14020274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020274","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/2/274/pdf?version=1641557017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335125","display_name":"RIKEN","ror":"https://ror.org/01sjwvz98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206607081.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206607081.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2565950292","https://openalex.org/W2614727949","https://openalex.org/W2746564927","https://openalex.org/W2765516633","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2804532080","https://openalex.org/W2899128648","https://openalex.org/W2913430122","https://openalex.org/W2939018547","https://openalex.org/W2940314910","https://openalex.org/W2940452602","https://openalex.org/W2956586765","https://openalex.org/W2968911939","https://openalex.org/W2980522727","https://openalex.org/W2980985949","https://openalex.org/W2981248001","https://openalex.org/W2983056308","https://openalex.org/W2989401277","https://openalex.org/W2991423016","https://openalex.org/W2994866182","https://openalex.org/W2996888102","https://openalex.org/W2999994033","https://openalex.org/W3014379759","https://openalex.org/W3026300872","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3049515965","https://openalex.org/W3081391704","https://openalex.org/W3084847787","https://openalex.org/W3086743449","https://openalex.org/W3087922632","https://openalex.org/W3097338289","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3129711012","https://openalex.org/W3135018180","https://openalex.org/W3156801338","https://openalex.org/W3158884431","https://openalex.org/W3171441272","https://openalex.org/W3183498921","https://openalex.org/W3209915885","https://openalex.org/W4253542560","https://openalex.org/W6775443055","https://openalex.org/W6783532175","https://openalex.org/W6794295663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382423801","https://openalex.org/W2361404876","https://openalex.org/W2372348061","https://openalex.org/W2351979363","https://openalex.org/W3178516037","https://openalex.org/W2392295380","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,169],"recent":[1,36],"years":[2],"complex":[3],"food":[4],"security":[5],"issues":[6],"caused":[7],"by":[8],"climatic":[9],"changes,":[10],"limitations":[11],"in":[12,23,38,52,67,74],"human":[13,72],"labour,":[14],"and":[15,58,77,96,111,127,143,204,209,223,266,271],"increasing":[16],"production":[17],"costs":[18],"require":[19],"a":[20,43,84,226,275],"strategic":[21],"approach":[22],"addressing":[24],"problems.":[25],"The":[26,153],"emergence":[27],"of":[28,35,98,117,133,207,233,241,255,269],"artificial":[29],"intelligence":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,46,70,141,149,162,174,183],"the":[33,63,94,118,134,138,146,166,188,201,231,239,242,257,263],"capability":[34],"advances":[37],"computing":[39],"architectures":[40],"could":[41],"become":[42],"new":[44],"alternative":[45],"existing":[47],"solutions.":[48],"Deep":[49],"learning":[50,235],"algorithms":[51],"computer":[53,109],"vision":[54,110],"for":[55,87,130,190],"image":[56],"classification":[57],"object":[59,212,278],"detection":[60,194],"can":[61],"facilitate":[62],"agriculture":[64],"industry,":[65],"especially":[66],"paddy":[68,88,147,155,192,259],"cultivation,":[69],"alleviate":[71],"efforts":[73],"laborious,":[75],"burdensome,":[76],"repetitive":[78],"tasks.":[79],"Optimal":[80],"planting":[81,106,151],"density":[82,107],"is":[83,136],"crucial":[85],"factor":[86],"cultivation":[89],"as":[90,220,225],"it":[91],"will":[92],"influence":[93],"quality":[95],"quantity":[97],"production.":[99],"There":[100],"have":[101,120,125],"been":[102],"several":[103,176],"studies":[104,119,139],"involving":[105],"using":[108,195,274],"remote":[112],"sensing":[113],"approaches.":[114],"While":[115],"most":[116],"shown":[121],"promising":[122],"results,":[123],"they":[124],"disadvantages":[126,135],"show":[128],"room":[129],"improvement.":[131],"One":[132],"that":[137,249],"aim":[140],"detect":[142],"count":[144],"all":[145],"seedlings":[148,261],"determine":[150,184],"density.":[152],"defective":[154,191,258],"seedlings\u2019":[156],"locations":[157],"are":[158],"not":[159],"pointed":[160],"out":[161],"help":[163],"farmers":[164],"during":[165],"sowing":[167],"process.":[168],"this":[170],"work":[171],"we":[172,199],"aimed":[173],"explore":[175],"deep":[177],"convolutional":[178],"neural":[179],"networks":[180],"(DCNN)":[181],"models":[182],"which":[185],"one":[186],"performs":[187],"best":[189],"seedling":[193],"aerial":[196],"imagery.":[197],"Thus,":[198],"evaluated":[200],"accuracy,":[202],"robustness,":[203],"inference":[205],"latency":[206],"one-":[208],"two-stage":[210],"pretrained":[211,244,277],"detectors":[213],"combined":[214],"with":[215,236,262],"state-of-the-art":[216],"feature":[217],"extractors":[218],"such":[219],"EfficientNet,":[221],"ResNet50,":[222],"MobilenetV2":[224],"backbone.":[227],"We":[228],"also":[229],"investigated":[230],"effect":[232],"transfer":[234],"fine-tuning":[237],"on":[238],"performance":[240],"aforementioned":[243],"models.":[245],"Experimental":[246],"results":[247],"showed":[248],"our":[250],"proposed":[251],"methods":[252],"were":[253],"capable":[254],"detecting":[256],"rice":[260],"highest":[264],"precision":[265],"an":[267],"F1-Score":[268],"0.83":[270],"0.77,":[272],"respectively,":[273],"one-stage":[276],"detector":[279],"called":[280],"EfficientDet-D1":[281],"EficientNet.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}